Rosado MM et al · 2014
Italian researchers exposed mice to GSM-modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency fields (the same type used in cell phones) and then transplanted their bone marrow cells into other mice to test immune system function. After 12 weeks, they found no differences in immune cell development, numbers, or function between bone marrow from RF-exposed mice versus unexposed controls. The study suggests that cell phone-type radiation doesn't impair the bone marrow's ability to produce healthy immune cells.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers exposed adult mice to continuous 50 Hz magnetic fields at 0.1 mT or 1.0 mT for eight weeks. They found no evidence of increased persistent unrepaired nuclear DNA single-strand breaks in distinct cell types of the brain, kidney, and liver.
Unknown authors · 2014
Turkish researchers exposed 30 male rats to cell phone frequencies (1800 and 2100 MHz) for 30 minutes daily over one to two months, then examined their bladder cells for genetic damage. They found no increase in micronucleus formation, a marker of DNA damage, compared to unexposed control rats. The study suggests these specific RF exposures may not cause detectable genetic damage in bladder tissue.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers exposed human fetal scleral fibroblasts to 50 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields at intensities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mT for 6 to 48 h. The growth rate of the fibroblasts significantly decreased after 24 h of exposure to 0.2 mT. Messenger RNA expression of collagen type I decreased while matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression increased significantly. Protein expressions of collagen type I and MMP-2 were also significantly altered after exposure.
Zhou H et al. · 2014
Researchers used the finite-difference time-domain method to compute the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radio frequency (RF) waves in the human brain and to investigate the effects of geometry and polarisation on SAR value. The results suggested that high SAR values were found in the brain at approximately 250 MHz for vertical polarisation and 900-1200 MHz for both vertical and horizontal polarisation, which may be the result of head resonance at these frequencies.
Vereshchako GG, Chueshova NV, Gorokh GA, Naumov AD. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of prolonged 897 MHz cell phone radiation exposure on male rats from irradiated parents during embryogenesis and postnatal development. Irradiation decreased the number of births and shifted the sex ratio toward more males. Radiation accelerated sexual development at two months, caused disproportions in spermatogenic cell stages, and increased mature sperm count while reducing their viability.
Pandir D, Sahingoz R · 2014
Researchers exposed Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella) larvae to a 1.4-Tesla magnetic field at 50 Hz for time periods ranging from 3 to 72 hours. DNA damage, measured by the comet assay, was significantly larger than in the control group at increasing exposure times. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) decreased and the lipid peroxidation marker MDA increased in exposed larvae compared to controls.
Li L, Xiong DF, Liu JW, Li ZX, Zeng GC, Li HL. · 2014
Researchers evaluated 50 Hz ELF-EMF occupational exposure on neurobehavior tests of 310 inspection workers and 300 logistics staff. Neurobehavior tests included mental arithmetic, curve coincide, simple visual reaction time, visual retention, auditory digit span and pursuit aiming. No statistically significant changes in neurobehavior scores were found. Results across different age and seniority groups also showed no significant changes.
Chen C et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at SAR values of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1, 2, and 3 days. RF-EMF exposure did not influence eNSC apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, or the ratio of differentiated neurons and astrocytes. However, neurite outgrowth of eNSC-derived neurons was inhibited after 4 W/kg RF-EMF exposure for 3 days. The mRNA and protein expression of proneural genes Ngn1 and NeuroD were decreased after RF-EMF exposure, while expression of their inhibitor Hes1 was upregulated.
Li H et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.856 GHz microwaves at power densities of 5, 10, 20, or 30 mW/cm2 for 6 minutes three times a week for up to 6 weeks. Spatial learning and memory, hippocampus structure, brain electrical activity, and neurotransmitter levels were assessed at different time points after the last exposure. The study found dose-dependent memory deficits alongside inhibition of brain electrical activity, hippocampus neuron degeneration, and neurotransmitter disturbances. The researchers suggested that the serotonin system may be involved in the cognitive deficits seen after long-term microwave exposure.
Maskey D, Kim MJ · 2014
Researchers applied radiofrequency at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg or 0 W/kg to mice to study the distribution of BDNF and GDNF in the nuclei of the superior olivary complex. In the exposed group, significant reductions in BDNF immunoreactivity were noted in the lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, superior paraolivary nucleus, and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. GDNF immunoreactivity was also significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in all superior olivary complex nuclei of the exposed group. The researchers suggested that the decrease in these neurotrophic factors in the superior olivary complex suggests a detrimental effect of RF exposure in the auditory nuclei.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Kedage V, Nalini K, Nayak S, Bhat PG · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of adolescent rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were divided into a control group, a sham group, and an RF-EMR-exposed group, with 12 animals in each group. The exposed group received 900 MHz RF-EMR at a peak power density of 146.60 µW/cm2 for one hour per day for four weeks from an activated GSM mobile phone. Elevated TBARS levels were found in all brain regions studied, and altered behavioral performances were found in RF-EMR-exposed rats.
Schneider J, Stangassinger M · 2014
Researchers exposed male and female rats continuously to either 900-MHz GSM or 1.966-GHz UMTS electromagnetic fields at 0.4 W/kg. Memory was assessed using a social discrimination procedure, with differences in sniffing duration to familiar and novel juvenile rats used as the measure. EMF-exposed females showed no differences in sniffing duration compared with controls, but sniffing durations of EMF-exposed males at 3 months of age were significantly affected. At 6 months of age, GSM-exposed male adults showed a memory performance deficit, but UMTS-exposed males did not.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to electromagnetic waves from mobile phones at frequencies between 1900 and 2100 MHz for a four-week period to study effects on apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissue. Immunohistopathological examinations showed that the study group had more p53 and Bcl-2 positive stained cells, and they were stained denser, with statistically significant differences between the study and control groups (p < 0.003). The researchers concluded that electromagnetic waves from mobile phones may have an effect on apoptosis.
Alsaeed I et al. · 2014
Researchers examined the effects of perinatal exposure to ELF EMF on autism-relevant behavioral parameters in male BALB/C mice. Exposed mice lacked normal sociability and preference for social novelty, and also showed decreased exploratory activity. The researchers concluded that the results are supportive of the hypothesis of a causal link between exposure to ELF EMF and ASD, but recommended replications with further tests.
Duan Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, He Y, Fan R, Cheng Y, Sun G, Sun X. · 2014
Researchers studied whether exposure to a 50 Hz, 8 mT extremely low frequency electromagnetic field for 28 days altered glutamate release in mice hippocampus and whether treatment with lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) could normalize those changes. Exposure increased glutamate, GABA, NMDA receptor 2B levels, and intracellular calcium concentration in the hippocampus, while decreasing ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation. Oral administration of LSPCs, especially at 60 and 90 mg per kilogram, markedly improved expressions of p-CREB, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK1/2, and was accompanied by decreased levels of glutamate, GABA, intracellular calcium, and NR2B.
Giorgi G et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated whether pulsed magnetic field exposure could interfere with DNA damage and repair in human neuroblastoma BE(2)C cells under oxidative stress. Cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide and exposed to a pulsed magnetic field at 1 mT and 50 Hz, and DNA double strand breaks were tracked using gamma-H2AX foci formation at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment. The results suggest that pulsed magnetic field exposure does not interfere with genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by oxidative stress.
Kantar Gok D et al. · 2014
Researchers used ninety male rats, aged 3 months, to investigate how different intensities and durations of extremely low-frequency electric fields affected brain responses and oxidative damage. Rats were exposed to 12-kV/m and 18-kV/m electric fields for 2 or 4 weeks, and mismatch negativity (MMN) responses were recorded in anesthetized rats using electrodes placed on the dura. MMN amplitude was significantly decreased in the E18-4 group compared with the C4 group, and 4-HNE was increased in all experimental groups compared with the control group. The researchers concluded that the electric field decreased MMN amplitudes, possibly induced by lipid peroxidation.
Komaki A, Khalili A, Salehi I, Shahidi S, Sarihi A. · 2014
Researchers divided twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats into three groups: an ELF-EMF exposed group, a sham group, and a control group. The exposed rats received a 50 Hz, 100 micro Tesla magnetic field for 90 consecutive days at 2 hours per day. Prolonged exposure to ELF-EMFs increased LTP induction, and there was a significant difference in the slope of EPSP and amplitude of PS between the ELF-EMF group and other groups. The researchers' data suggest that exposure to ELF-EMFs produces a marked change in the synaptic plasticity generated in synapses of the PP-DG.
Li C, Xie M, Luo F, He C, Wang J, Tan G, Hu Z. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of 14 and 28 days of exposure to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field on glutamate receptor subunit expressions and spatial learning and memory in rats. The exposure changed NMDAR and AMPAR subunit levels in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and prefrontal cortex in ways that differed by brain region and duration. Despite these receptor changes, neither 14 nor 28 days of exposure affected the rats' spatial reference memory as assessed by water maze.
Mahdavi SM, Sahraei H, Yaghmaei P, Tavakoli H. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure at 1 and 5 Hz on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both frequency groups, while noradrenaline concentration showed an overall reduction.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 10 G) for 8 hours per day for up to 120 days to study obsessive-compulsive disorder-like behavior. OCD-like behavior was measured using the marble burying behavior test, and the results showed that the magnetic field induced time-dependent marble burying behavior on each exposure day tested. A nitric oxide precursor worsened the OCD-like behavior, while nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced it, with corresponding changes in nitric oxide levels.
Chen Y, Hong L, Zeng Y, Shen Y, Zeng Q. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts to a 50 Hz power frequency magnetic field at 2 mT across several time points and measured autophagy markers. A significant increase in autophagic markers was observed at 6 hours, including higher LC3-II levels, increased GFP-LC3 puncta formation, and increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles. The increase in autophagic markers was the result of enhanced autophagic flux and not the suppression of lysosomal function, and the autophagic process involved reactive oxygen species and was independent of the mTOR signaling pathway.
Kantar Gok D et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 50 Hz electric fields (like those from power lines) for up to four weeks. High-intensity exposure significantly reduced brain responses that help detect sound changes, while increasing brain damage markers. This suggests electric field exposure may impair auditory processing abilities.
Luukkonen J, Liimatainen A, Juutilainen J, Naarala J · 2014
Researchers exposed human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to a 50-Hz, 100-μT magnetic field for 24 hours, followed by a 3-hour exposure to menadione. The study aimed to investigate cellular changes occurring during the first 24 hours of magnetic field exposure and whether those changes could lead to genomic instability in the progeny of exposed cells. Magnetic field exposure was associated with increased micronuclei at 8 and 15 days after exposure, increased mitochondrial activity at 8 days, and increased reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation at 15 days. The researchers suggest that magnetic field exposure disturbs oxidative balance immediately after exposure, and that persistently elevated levels of micronuclei were found in the progeny of exposed cells.
