Dragicevic N et al. · 2011
Researchers evaluated brain mitochondrial function in aged Alzheimer's transgenic mice and normal littermates following one month of daily EMF exposure. In the transgenic mice, EMF treatment enhanced brain mitochondrial function by 50-150% across six established measures, with the greatest effects in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. EMF treatment also increased brain mitochondrial function in normal aged mice, though the enhancement was not as robust or widespread as in the transgenic mice. The researchers suggested that brain mitochondrial enhancement may be a primary mechanism through which EMF treatment provides cognitive benefit to both transgenic and normal mice.
Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Kuzay D, Ozer C, Seyhan N. · 2015
The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between micronuclei frequency and RF radiation in exfoliated bladder cells of diabetic and non-diabetic rats using three groups of six animals each. The RF exposure was 2100 MHz with a whole-body average SAR of 0.24 W/kg and an ERMS field of 17.5 V/m at non-thermal levels. No statistically significant differences in micronuclei frequency were found between any of the groups, including between RF-exposed diabetic rats and non-exposed diabetic rats, and between RF-exposed diabetic rats and non-diabetic controls. The authors concluded that the study suggested no possible genotoxic effects of RF radiation in humans, especially those with chronic disorders such as diabetes.
Balcer-Kubiczek EK, Harrison GH. · 1991
Researchers exposed actively growing cultures of C3H/10T1/2 cells for 24 hours to 2.45-GHz microwaves pulse-modulated at 120 Hz. The electromagnetic fields alone had no effect on cell survival or induction of neoplastic transformation. When combined with the tumor promoter TPA, the enhancement of transformation was highly significant and ranged up to a level equivalent to that produced by 1.5 Gy of X rays. The frequency of neoplastic transformation was dependent on the level of electromagnetic exposure and was additive with doses of X rays given as a cocarcinogen.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to microwave radiation from a mobile test phone for 20, 40, and 60 days to evaluate oxidative stress in brain tissue and whether melatonin could reduce it. Exposure led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde and carbonyl group concentrations in brain tissue, along with decreased catalase activity and increased xanthine oxidase activity. Melatonin treatment significantly prevented the rise in MDA content and xanthine oxidase activity after 40 days of exposure, but was unable to prevent the decrease in catalase activity or the increase in carbonyl group content.
Bodera P et al. · 2015
Researchers measured malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, in the blood, liver, kidneys, and brain of Wistar rats that were healthy or had inflammation, and exposed them repeatedly to 1800 MHz EMF. The exposure was repeated five times for 15 minutes and was studied both alone and combined with the opioid painkiller tramadol. MDA levels were slightly elevated in the blood, kidney, and brain of healthy rats in EMF-exposed groups treated with tramadol, while MDA in the liver remained at the same level across all groups. Overall, results for healthy rats and animals with inflammation did not differ significantly.
Bodera P et al. · 2012
Researchers studied how high-frequency electromagnetic fields affect pain perception and the pain-relieving activity of tramadol in rats. Exposures at 1500 MHz and modulated 1800 MHz were applied, and paw withdrawal latency to a thermal stimulus was measured before and after injections of either tramadol or a vehicle. EMF exposure alone produced no differences in pain perception compared with controls, but EMF at both frequencies transiently suppressed the analgesic effect of tramadol at 30 minutes after drug injection.
Sharifian A, Gharavi M, Pasalar P, Aminian O · 2009
Researchers measured antioxidant markers in 46 spot welders occupationally exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and compared results with a non-exposed control group. In the red blood cells of exposed workers, SOD activity decreased by 22% and GPX activity decreased by 12.3%, both statistically significant. Total serum antioxidant status showed no significant difference between the two groups. The researchers concluded that ELF-MF could influence red blood cell antioxidant activity and might act as an oxidative stressor.
Szmigielski et al. · 1998
The study enrolled 61 workers exposed to radiofrequency EMF (0.738-1.503 Mhz) and 42 unexposed controls, all following identical 12-24-12-48 hour shift schedules. Exposed workers were divided into low-intensity (20-180 V/m, 38 subjects) and high-intensity (200-550 V/m, 23 subjects) groups. Exposed workers had significantly reduced rhythm amplitudes (P < 0.01) and an earlier acrophase at 1100-1200 h (P < 0.05) for blood pressure and heart rate, with more pronounced effects in the high-intensity group. Diurnal rhythm parameters were derived from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings using cosinor analysis. The authors conclude that occupational RF EMF exposure can alter diurnal cardiovascular rhythms, but clinical relevance needs further investigation.
Unknown authors · 1975
Unknown authors · 1970
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2010
Researchers tested the effects of mobile phone radiation on spatial learning and memory in mice using the Morris water maze, a hippocampal-dependent spatial memory task. The mice received a 2 h daily dose of pulsed GSM 900 MHz radiation from a commercially available mobile phone for 4 days at SAR values ranging from 0.41 to 0.98 W/kg. Exposed animals showed a deficit in transferring acquired spatial information across training days, with increased escape latency and distance swam compared to sham-exposed animals. During the memory probe trial, sham-exposed animals showed the expected preference for the target quadrant, while exposed animals showed no preference.
Buttiglione M et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 1 W/kg to study effects on gene expression and cell-cycle control. Short-term exposures produced a transient increase in Egr-1 mRNA levels along with activation of the MAPK subtypes ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK. Exposure had an anti-proliferative effect, and a significant G2-M cell-cycle arrest was observed, with signs of apoptosis appearing after 24 hours. A significant decrease in mRNA levels of Bcl-2 and survivin genes, both linked to signaling between G2-M arrest and apoptosis, was also observed.
Tkalec M, Malaric K, Pevalek-Kozlina B. · 2005
Researchers evaluated duckweed growth and peroxidase activity after exposure in a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell to electric fields at frequencies of 400, 900, and 1900 MHz. Plants exposed for 2 h to a 23 V/m field at 900 MHz showed significantly decreased growth compared with the control, while the same field strength at 400 MHz did not have such an effect. Peroxidase activity in exposed plants varied depending on exposure characteristics, with a significant increase of 41% found in plants exposed for 2 h to 41 V/m at 900 MHz.
Calabrò E et al. · 2012
Chen Q et al. · 2012
Researchers studied electrocardiogram (ECG) outcomes in 225 female workers exposed to 27.2 MHz radiofrequency radiation at a shoe factory, comparing them with 100 unexposed female workers from the same factory. The electric field strength the workers were exposed to averaged 64.0 ± 25.2 V/m, which exceeded the 61 V/m International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference level for occupational exposure. A statistical difference between the exposed and control groups was observed in the rate of sinus bradycardia, but after known cardiovascular risk factors were considered, exposure duration was not found to be an effective factor for ECG changes.
Tattersall JE et al. · 2001
Stankiewicz W et al. · 2006
Researchers investigated whether human blood immune cells activated in vitro would be sensitive to electromagnetic field exposure. The results suggest that immune activity of responding lymphocytes and monocytes can be additionally intensified by 900 MHz microwaves.
Stankiewicz W et al. · 2006
Polish researchers exposed human immune cells to 900 MHz GSM cell phone signals at very low power levels (SAR 0.024 W/kg) and found that the microwave exposure significantly increased immune cell activity. The exposed cells showed stronger responses to immune stimulants and higher activity levels compared to unexposed control cells. This suggests that even low-level cell phone radiation can alter how your immune system functions at the cellular level.
Hidisoglu E et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to 2100-MHz electromagnetic fields for 2 hours per day for either 1 or 10 weeks, then recorded visual evoked potentials and measured markers of oxidative stress in the brain. After 1 week of exposure, visual response latencies were shortened and several antioxidant markers were increased. After 1 or 10 weeks, the effects on visual response latencies differed: latencies were shortened in the 1-week group but prolonged in the 10-week group. The researchers concluded that the effects of EMF on visual evoked potentials depend on exposure duration.
Liu ML, Wen JQ, Fan YB. · 2011
Researchers investigated whether green tea polyphenols could protect cultured rat cortical neurons from injury caused by 1800 MHz electromagnetic field exposure from a mobile phone. Mobile phone irradiation for 24 hours induced marked neuronal cell death, as measured by MTT and TUNEL assays. Green tea polyphenols significantly inhibited the radiation-induced increases in active Bax, while total Bax levels showed no marked changes.
Marjanovic Cermak AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2017
Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at an electric field strength of 30 V m-1 and a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W kg-1. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values after radiation exposure. Significantly higher ROS levels were observed at every radiation exposure time tested. After 60 minutes of exposure, the radiation caused significant lipid and protein damage. The highest glutathione concentration was detected after 10 minutes of exposure.
Marjanovic Cermak AM et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed human cells to cell phone radiation (1800 MHz) for up to 60 minutes at typical phone power levels. The cells showed signs of oxidative stress, including increased harmful free radicals and elevated cellular defense responses, even without heating effects.
Marjanovic Cermak AM et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed V79 fibroblast cells to 1800 MHz RF radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg to investigate possible links between radiofrequency exposure and oxidative stress. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values regardless of exposure time. An increased level of superoxide radicals was detected after 60-minute exposure, and a significantly higher GSH level was observed immediately after 10-minute exposure, though GSH-Px activity was higher but not significant. Lipid oxidative damage in exposed cell samples was not observed.
Marjanovic AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2015
Scientists exposed hamster cells to cell phone radiation (1800 MHz) for 10-60 minutes. Even brief 10-minute exposures significantly increased harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species that can damage cells, showing that phone radiation disrupts cellular balance.
Marjanovic AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I, · 2015
Researchers evaluated the influence of a modulated radiofrequency field of 1800 MHz, strength of 30 V/m on oxidation-reduction processes within the cell. V79 cell line samples were irradiated for 10, 30, and 60 minutes, with a specific absorption rate calculated to be 1.6 W/kg. ROS levels significantly increased after 10 minutes of exposure, then decreased after 30 minutes, which researchers associated with antioxidant defence mechanism activation. Metabolic activity and total protein content in exposed cells did not differ significantly from control samples.
