Gok DK et al. · 2016
Researchers divided Wistar albino female rats into four groups: a control group, a prenatal-exposure group, a postnatal-exposure group, and a combined prenatal-plus-postnatal-exposure group. Pregnant rats in the prenatal and combined groups were exposed to a 50 Hz electric field at 12 kV/m for 1 hour per day during pregnancy, while postnatal animals were exposed for 68 days after birth. The latencies of visual evoked potential components were significantly prolonged in all exposed groups compared with controls. Retina TBARS levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly elevated in all experimental groups compared with controls.
Feng B, Ye C, Qiu L, Chen L, Fu Y, Sun W · 2016
Human amniotic FL cells were exposed to a 50-Hz magnetic field for different durations or intensities, then incubated with staurosporine for 4 hours. Magnetic field exposure alone had no significant effect on early apoptosis or cell viability. When cells were also treated with staurosporine, magnetic field exposure had a protective effect against early apoptosis, and this effect could be abolished by MPT inhibitors. The anti-apoptotic effect was completely eliminated when Akt was inhibited, suggesting that Akt activation was necessary for the effect.
Feng B, Dai A, Chen L, Qiu L, Fu Y, Sun W. · 2016
Researchers exposed human amniotic epithelial (FL) cells to a 50-Hz magnetic field to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind magnetic field-induced epidermal growth factor receptor clustering. Exposing FL cells to the magnetic field at intensities higher than 0.2 mT for 15 minutes enhanced total reactive oxygen species production. Blocking the NADPH oxidase enzyme with the inhibitor DPI suppressed magnetic field-induced cytoplasmic superoxide production and subsequent EGFR clustering, while mitochondrial superoxide production was not affected.
Feng B, Qiu L, Ye C, Chen L, Fu Y, Sun W. · 2016
Researchers exposed human amniotic epithelial cells to a 50-Hz magnetic field at 0.4 mT and examined mitochondrial permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release. Exposure to the magnetic field at 0.4 mT for 60 min transiently induced mitochondrial permeability transition and Cyt-c release, although there was no significant effect on mitochondrial membrane potential. Cells exposed to the magnetic field showed increased intracellular reactive oxidative species levels and GSK-3β dephosphorylation, and the induced mitochondrial permeability transition was attenuated by a ROS scavenger or GSK-3β inhibitor.
Falone S et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed SK-N-BE(2) drug-resistant human neuroblastoma cells to a pulsed electromagnetic field and then challenged the cells with hydrogen peroxide to measure oxidative stress responses. The PEMF increased MnSOD-based antioxidant protection and reduced ROS production in response to a pro-oxidant challenge. The researchers suggested their work might lay foundation for the development of non-invasive PEMF-based approaches aimed at elevating endogenous antioxidant properties in cellular or tissue models.
Duong CN, Kim JY · 2016
Researchers studied whether EMF exposure could protect a human microglial cell line, HMO6, from cell death caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), a model of ischemic injury. HMO6 cells were cultured for 4 hours under OGD with or without exposure to EMF at different combinations of frequencies and intensities, and cell survival, intracellular calcium, and ROS levels were measured. Among the combinations tested, 50 Hz/1 mT EMF was the most potent at reducing OGD-induced cell death and lowering intracellular calcium and ROS levels. A significant but less potent protective effect was also found at 10 Hz/1 mT, while no protective effect was found at other combinations.
Benassi B et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed SH-SY5Y cells to an extremely low frequency magnetic field set up to reproduce environmental prolonged exposure to ELF-MF (50 Hz, 1 mT) and then treated the cells with the pro-Parkinson's toxin MPP+. ELF-MF alone did not affect cell survival, shape, or morphology, but it did significantly impair redox homeostasis and thiol content, triggering an increase in protein carbonylation. When MPP+ was added to ELF-MF-exposed cells, toxicity was highly enhanced, with significant increases in ROS levels, oxidative damage, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Pre-incubation with the thiol antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine and GSH ethyl-ester significantly reduced oxidative damage and protected cells from death caused by the combined ELF-MF/MPP+ treatment.
Akpınar D et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to an electric field at 12 kV/m for 1 hour per day, dividing them into control, prenatal, postnatal, and prenatal-plus-postnatal groups. The mismatch negativity amplitude was decreased in all exposed groups compared with the control group. Levels of 4-HNE, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly increased in the postnatal group compared with the control group, while protein carbonyl levels were significantly decreased in the prenatal-plus-postnatal group compared with the control, prenatal, and postnatal groups.
Nirwane A, Sridhar V, Majumdar A · 2016
Hidisoglu E et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to 2100-MHz electromagnetic fields for 2 hours per day for either 1 or 10 weeks, then recorded visual evoked potentials and measured markers of oxidative stress in the brain. After 1 week of exposure, visual response latencies were shortened and several antioxidant markers were increased. After 1 or 10 weeks, the effects on visual response latencies differed: latencies were shortened in the 1-week group but prolonged in the 10-week group. The researchers concluded that the effects of EMF on visual evoked potentials depend on exposure duration.
Unknown authors · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their newborns to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation for 1 h per day, 5 days a week, from pregnancy to 3 weeks of age. Lipid peroxidation increased in both brain and liver, while glutathione peroxidase activity and vitamins A, E, and β-carotene decreased in both organs. Glutathione and vitamin C concentrations fell in the brain but not in the liver, and the brain appeared more sensitive to oxidative injury than the liver.
Unknown authors · 2015
Researchers exposed HaCaT human keratinocytes to ELF-EMF at 50 Hz and 1 mT and monitored cell cycle, growth, and viability using FACS and BrdU assays. They also measured gene expression changes with microarray and qRT-PCR, and assessed mTOR, Akt, and MAPK protein levels by Western blot. Short ELF-EMF exposure modulated gene expression patterns involved in cell proliferation and the cell cycle, with mTOR activation identified as the main molecular target. The data showed increased PI3K/Akt pathway activity and ERK signaling activation. ELF-EMF selectively modulated multiple genes related to biological processes such as wound healing.
Megha et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed 24 male Fischer 344 rats to microwave radiation at 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz with specific absorption rates of 0.59, 0.58, and 0.66 mW/kg for 60 days (2 hours per day, 5 days per week). Exposure increased oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and catalase, while decreasing reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in exposed rats. Significant DNA damage was observed in the microwave exposed groups compared to sham.
Xiong DF, Liu JW, Li ZX, Zeng GC, Li HL · 2015
Researchers investigated whether ELF-EMF exposure could induce oxidative stress in workers performing tour-inspection near transformers and distribution power lines. The study included 310 exposed inspection workers and 300 logistical staff as controls. No significant changes in enzyme activities or MDA concentration were found. Micronucleus lymphocyte frequency and micronuclei frequency also showed no statistically significant changes.
Kesari KK, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J · 2015
Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to a 50 Hz, 100 μT magnetic field for 24 hours with or without menadione co-exposure. Micronuclei, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation were measured at 15, 30, and 45 days after exposure. Micronuclei levels were significantly elevated at 15 and 30 days but not at 45 days after exposure. Lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased at 30 and 45 days after exposure.
Sangun O, Dundar B, Darici H, Comlekci S, Doguc DK, Celik S · 2015
Researchers exposed female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day starting either prenatally or postnatally, with a sham-exposed control group. Prenatal exposure led to significantly lower daily mass gain and significantly later puberty. Brain and ovary total oxidant status and oxidative stress index were significantly increased in the prenatal group compared to the control group. Serum LH levels were increased in both prenatal and postnatal groups, while FSH and E2 did not differ among groups. Histological examinations showed no statistically significant differences between groups.
Nazıroğlu M, Özkan FF, Hapil SR, Ghazizadeh V, Çiğ B · 2015
Misa-Agustiño MJ et al. · 2015
Çiğ B, Nazıroğlu M. · 2015
Researchers exposed MCF-7 breast cancer cells to 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation at distances from 0 to 25 cm for one hour. At distances of 0, 1, and 5 cm, exposed cells showed higher reactive oxygen species, calcium concentrations, apoptosis, and caspase activity compared to controls, while cell viability increased with distance. No statistically significant differences were observed between control cells and those exposed at 20 or 25 cm.
Yüksel M, Nazıroğlu M, Özkaya MO. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes daily during pregnancy and growth. Uterine lipid peroxidation increased in exposed groups while glutathione peroxidase activity and prolactin levels decreased in developing rats. In maternal rats, plasma prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone decreased while total oxidant status and body temperature increased. No changes occurred in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants, or vitamins A, C, and E in maternal uterine and plasma samples.
Ulubay M et al. · 2015
Researchers studied the effects of prenatal 900 MHz EMF exposure on kidney histology in four-week-old male rats using seven groups including EMF-exposed and supplement-treated groups. EMF exposure significantly increased mean kidney and cortex volume compared to controls. EMF exposure decreased the total number of glomeruli compared to controls. Melatonin and omega-3 supplementation prevented the adverse effects of EMF on the kidneys.
Topal Z et al. · 2015
Adult pregnant rats were divided into control and experimental groups, and the experimental group was exposed to a 900-MHz EMF for 1 h daily during days 13-21 of pregnancy. Male pups from both groups were sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Biochemical analyses showed increased malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase values and decreased glutathione levels in the exposed pups. Light microscopy revealed marked hydropic degeneration in the liver parenchyma, particularly in pericentral regions. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial vacuolization, endoplasmic reticulum expansion, and necrotic hepatocytes.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2015
Researchers divided adult Wistar rats into four groups: saline control, melatonin only, microwave exposure only, and microwave exposure with melatonin treatment. Melatonin was administered daily at 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and rats were sacrificed after 20, 40, and 60 days. Melatonin treatment prevented increases in malondialdehyde after 20 days and reversed microwave effects on xanthine oxidase after 40 days and acid-DNase activity after 20 days. However, melatonin did not change protein carbonyl content, catalase activity, or alkaline DNase activity.
Shivashankara AR et al. · 2015
The study assessed salivary enzymes, protein, and oxidant-antioxidant markers in young college students who used cell phones. Participants were divided into less mobile users and high mobile users based on duration and frequency of cell phone use. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were analyzed for amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). High mobile users showed significantly higher levels of amylase, LDH, and MDA than less mobile users. Decreases in total protein, GSH, and flow rate were not statistically significant.
Saygin M, Asci H, Ozmen O, Cankara FN, Dincoglu D, Ilhan I. · 2015
Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, including a sham group, an EMR-only group exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation for 3 hours per day for 30 days, an EMR plus gallic acid group, and a gallic acid-only group. EMR exposure increased malondialdehyde and total oxidant status levels, decreased total antioxidant status, and raised prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining in testicular tubules. Gallic acid treatment lowered total oxidant status and oxidative stress index and raised total antioxidant status. It also reduced prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining and increased testosterone and VEGF levels relative to the EMR-only group.
