Eghlidospour M, Ghanbari A, Mortazavi SMJ, Azari H. · 2017
Researchers exposed adult murine neural stem cells to GSM 900-MHz radiofrequency radiation from a mobile phone for varying durations. They used neurosphere assays to evaluate proliferation, immunofluorescence to examine differentiation, and alamarBlue and caspase 3 apoptosis assays to assess harmful effects. Neurosphere number and size and the proportion of cells becoming neurons decreased significantly with longer exposure. Cell viability, apoptosis, and astrocytic differentiation were unchanged.
D'Silva MH, Swer RT, Anbalagan J, Rajesh B. · 2017
Fertilized chick embryos were incubated in four groups: 2G exposed (60 eggs), 3G exposed (60 eggs), sham exposed control (60 eggs), and control (48 eggs). After the scheduled exposure duration, embryos were collected for histological analysis of liver structure and alkaline comet assay for DNA damage. Exposure of developing chick embryos to 2G and 3G cell phone radiations caused structural changes in liver including dilated sinusoidal spaces with haemorrhage, increased vacuolations in cytoplasm, increased nuclear diameter and karyorrhexis. DNA damage was significantly increased in embryos exposed to 2G and 3G radiation. The changes were more pronounced in the 3G experimental group.
Crabtree DPE, Herrera BJ, Kang S. · 2017
The study aimed to investigate the response of human bacteria to static magnetic field and radiofrequency electromagnetic field. Researchers investigated the response of both laboratory culture strains and isolates of skin bacteria under static magnetic field (SMF) and RF-EMF. Growth patterns of laboratory cultures of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis under SMF were variable per different species. Bacterial isolates of skin microbiota from 4 subjects with different cell phone usage history also showed inconsistent growth responses.
Carlberg M, Hardell L. · 2017
The authors evaluated glioma risk from mobile and cordless phone use using Bradford Hill's viewpoints. All nine viewpoints were evaluated based on epidemiology and laboratory studies. A meta-analysis of case-control studies found an odds ratio of 1.90 (95% CI 1.31-2.76) with highest cumulative exposure. Risk increased with latency, with an OR of 1.62 (95% CI 1.20-2.19) for 10+ years latency. Highest risk was in the 20+ years latency group, OR 2.01 (95% CI 1.41-2.88) for wireless phones.
Aerts S, Wiart J, Martens L, Joseph W. · 2017
The study aimed to assess long-term spatio-temporal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure. Researchers analyzed more than a year of measurement data from a fixed low-cost exposimeter network in an urban environment to build a full spatio-temporal surrogate model of outdoor exposure to downlink GSM and UMTS signals. They found that accounting for the hour and day of measurement improved the surrogate model's accuracy by up to 50% compared to models that neglect daily temporal variability.
Zothansiama, Zosangzuali M, Lalramdinpuii M, Jagetia GC. · 2017
The study compared 40 individuals living within 80 meters of mobile phone base stations with a control group living 300 meters away, matched for age, gender, diet, smoking, alcohol, and mobile phone use. Radiofrequency power density was significantly higher in the exposed group. The exposed group showed a significantly higher frequency of micronuclei. Plasma antioxidants glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced, and lipid peroxidation was increased in the exposed group. Multiple linear regression showed that higher RF power density was associated with lower antioxidant levels, higher micronuclei frequency, and higher lipid peroxidation.
Pandey N, Giri S, Das S, Upadhaya P. · 2017
Swiss albino mice were exposed to 900 MHz RFR for 4 hours and 8 hours per day for 35 days, with one group terminated after exposure and another kept for an additional 35 days post-exposure. RFR exposure caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization and redox imbalance, along with statistically significant increases in DNA damage index and sperm head defects. Flow cytometry showed a 2.5-fold increase in spermatogonia and decreased spermatids, with reduced turnover ratios indicating premeiotic arrest and low sperm count. Histological alterations included sloughing of immature germ cells, epithelium depletion, and maturation arrest, but all changes showed recovery to varied degrees after the post-exposure period.
Oyewopo AO, Olaniyi SK, Oyewopo CI, Jimoh AT. · 2017
Researchers randomly assigned adult male Wistar rats to a control group, a sham exposure group, and groups exposed to cell phone radiation for 1, 2, or 3 hours over a 28-day period. Histomorphometry showed no significant change in germinal epithelial diameter or cross-sectional diameter in any exposure group compared with controls. Group D showed a significantly smaller lumen diameter than Group B, and all exposure groups showed uneven germinal epithelial distribution with epithelial degeneration in Group D. Sera malondialdehyde increased and superoxide dismutase decreased in all exposure groups, while follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone decreased significantly in groups C and D.
Othman H et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 2.45 GHz WiFi signal for two hours daily throughout gestation. Offspring were assessed for physical and neurodevelopment during the first 17 postnatal days, anxiety at 28 days, motor behavior at 40-43 days, and cerebral oxidative stress and cholinesterase activity at 28 and 43 days. Prenatal WiFi exposure impaired early neurodevelopment but did not alter emotional or motor behavior in adulthood. It also increased oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities at 28 days but not at 43 days, and affected acetylcholinesterase activity in brain and serum.
Mortazavi SMJ et al. · 2017
Researchers divided 50 rats into five groups and pre-exposed three groups to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 4 hours daily over one week at low, medium, and high power. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were given a 4 Gy sublethal gamma radiation dose and sacrificed after 5 hours. Pre-exposure increased glutathione levels and glutathione reductase activity in liver, with glutathione increases only in the low power group and glutathione reductase activity increases in both low and medium power groups. The elevated antioxidant levels protected liver tissue from oxidative damage induced by the gamma radiation.
Kuzay D, Ozer C, Sirav B, Canseven AG, Seyhan N · 2017
Wistar male rats were divided into 10 groups. Intraperitoneal single dose STZ (65 mg/kg) dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1M (pH 4.5)) was injected to diabetes groups. ELF MFs and RF radiation were used as an electromagnetic exposure for 20 min/day, 5 days/week for one month. ELF and RF radiation resulted in an increase in testicular tissue MDA and NOX levels (p < 0.05), and caused a decrease in GSH levels (p < 0.05) in both healthy and diabetic rats, yet more distinctively in diabetic rats.
Bodera P et al. · 2017
Researchers evaluated the effect of repeated 1800 MHz RFR exposure (5 times for 15 min) on NMDA-NR1 expression in rat brains in a persistent inflammatory state. They also measured the effect of RFR combined with tramadol to determine its potential antioxidant capacity. No differences in NMDA-NR1 expression were observed between baseline and RFR-exposed groups. NMDA-NR1 expression decreased after CFA injection combined with RFR exposure, while elevated expression was observed in healthy control rats exposed to RFR with or without tramadol. ORAC assessment revealed a robust effect of RFR, but other experiments showed equivocal effects.
Gökçek-Saraç Ç et al. · 2017
Rats were exposed to 900 and 2100 MHz RF-EMR for 2 h/day for either 1 week (acute) or 10 weeks (chronic). The study measured hippocampal levels and activity of PKA, CaMKIIα, CREB, and p44/42 MAPK from NMDAR-related signaling pathways using Western blotting and activity assays. Chronic exposure produced significantly higher enzyme levels than acute exposure at both frequencies, and 2100 MHz exposure produced higher levels than 900 MHz in both acute and chronic groups.
Sagar S et al. · 2017
Zhang KY et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-1 cells to a 1950 MHz RF field at 3 W/kg SAR for 24 hours with or without 6 Gy X-ray irradiation. RF exposure alone did not change cell proliferation or apoptosis levels. When combined with X-ray, RF exposure significantly decreased proliferation and increased apoptotic rate compared to X-ray alone. The combined exposure also significantly decreased Bcl-2 protein expression and increased Bax protein expression.
Sun Y, Zong L, Gao Z, Zhu S, Tong J, Cao Y · 2017
Researchers exposed HL-60 human leukemia cells to continuous 900MHz radiofrequency fields at 120μW/cm² for 4 hours per day over 5 consecutive days. Exposed cells had significantly increased reactive oxygen species and decreased mitochondrial transcription factor A, mtDNA polymerase gamma, mtDNA transcripts, and mtDNA copy number compared to sham-exposed controls. Exposed cells also showed a significant increase in the oxidative damage marker 8-OHdG and a significant decrease in ATP. Pretreating cells with melatonin, a free radical scavenger, reversed the effects seen in RF-exposed cells.
Roser K et al. · 2017
Researchers measured personal RF-EMF exposure in 90 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years using a portable ExpoM-RF device across 13 frequency bands from 470 to 3600 MHz for three consecutive days with a time-activity diary. Mobile phones contributed 67.2% and mobile phone base stations contributed 19.8% of total personal RF-EMF measurements averaging 63.2 μW/m² (0.15 V/m). WLAN at school and home accounted for 3.5% of total personal measurements. Environmental sources contributed on average 6.0% to the brain dose and 9.0% to the whole-body dose according to dose calculations.
Marjanovic Cermak AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2017
Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at an electric field strength of 30 V m-1 and a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W kg-1. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values after radiation exposure. Significantly higher ROS levels were observed at every radiation exposure time tested. After 60 minutes of exposure, the radiation caused significant lipid and protein damage. The highest glutathione concentration was detected after 10 minutes of exposure.
Kim JH et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 835 MHz RF-EMF at an SAR of 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks, then analyzed the hippocampus and brain stem. Several autophagic genes were significantly upregulated only in the hippocampus and not in the brain stem. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an increase in the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the hippocampal neurons of exposed mice.
Kim JH, Kim HJ, Yu DH, Kweon HS, Huh YH, Kim HR. · 2017
Researchers studied the effects of RF-EMF exposure on synaptic vesicles in the cortical neurons of mice. C57 BL/6 mice were exposed to 835 MHz RF-EMF at 4.0 W/kg SAR for 5 hours daily. The density of synaptic vesicles was significantly decreased in the presynaptic boutons of cortical neurons after exposure. The expression of synapsins I/II genes and proteins was also significantly decreased in exposed mice.
Kim HS et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to a 915 MHz radiofrequency identification signal at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 2 weeks. The number of red blood cells and values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices were increased in the RFID-exposed group compared with the cage-control and sham-exposed groups. The number of white blood cells, including lymphocytes, was decreased in RFID-exposed rats, though T-cell counts and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio showed no statistically significant difference between sham-exposed and RFID-exposed groups. The researchers noted that these changes do not necessarily indicate that RFID exposure is harmful, as they were within the normal physiological response range.
Hedendahl LK, Carlberg M, Koppel T, Hardell L. · 2017
Eighteen teachers from seven schools carried a body-borne exposimeter in school to measure radiofrequency radiation exposure. The mean exposure to RF radiation ranged from 1.1 to 66.1 µW/m² across the schools. The highest mean level recorded was 396.6 µW/m² during 5 minutes of a lesson when the teacher let students stream and watch YouTube videos.
Al-Serori H et al. · 2017
Researchers investigated whether UMTS radiofrequency signals cause micronucleus formation and other anomalies such as nuclear buds and nucleoplasmatic bridges in human glioblastoma cell lines. The experiments were conducted with human glioblastoma cell lines, U87 with wild-type p53 status and U251 with mutated p53 status, exposed to SAR doses of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 W/kg. The researchers found no evidence for induction of micronuclei or other anomalies, but observed apoptosis at the highest dose in U251 cells.
Marjanovic Cermak AM et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed V79 fibroblast cells to 1800 MHz RF radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg to investigate possible links between radiofrequency exposure and oxidative stress. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values regardless of exposure time. An increased level of superoxide radicals was detected after 60-minute exposure, and a significantly higher GSH level was observed immediately after 10-minute exposure, though GSH-Px activity was higher but not significant. Lipid oxidative damage in exposed cell samples was not observed.
Wang K et al. · 2017
Researchers examined the effects of a single 30-minute exposure to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on recognition memory in mice, using the novel object recognition task. Exposure at an intensity above 2.2 W/kg SAR produced a significant, density-dependent increase in the recognition memory index, with no corresponding changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. The researchers also found that exposure increased dendritic-spine density and length in hippocampal and prefrontal cortical neurons, and significantly altered neuronal excitability in pyramidal neurons. The SAR used in the study was 3.3 W/kg, which the researchers noted was outside the range encountered in normal daily life.
