Irmak MK et al. · 2002
Researchers investigated the influence of electromagnetic radiation from a digital GSM mobile telephone at 900 MHz on oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. They measured adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels in sera and brains of exposed and sham-exposed rabbits. Serum SOD activity increased and serum NO levels decreased in exposed rabbits compared to sham-exposed rabbits, while other parameters did not change.
Ye J, Yao K, Zeng Q, Lu D. · 2002
Rabbits' eyes were exposed to 5 mW/cm(2) and 10 mW/cm(2) power densities of microwave radiation for 3 hours. The fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching (FRAP) method was used to determine gap junctional intercellular communication, and laser scanning confocal microscopy detected connexin 43 localization and function. Gap junctional intercellular communication was inhibited by microwave radiation, especially in the 10 mW/cm(2) irradiated samples. A decrease in connexin 43-positive staining was seen in 5 mW/cm(2) x 3 h treated LECs, and intracellular space accumulation and cytoplasmic internalization were clearly demonstrated in the 10 mW/cm(2) group.
Utteridge TD et al. · 2002
Researchers exposed 120 E-mu-Pim1 heterozygous mice and 120 wild-type mice to GSM-modulated 898.4 MHz radiation at SARs of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 W/kg for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week, for up to 104 weeks. Sham-exposed groups of 120 heterozygous and 120 wild-type mice and an unrestrained negative control group were included. No significant difference in lymphoma incidence was found between exposed and sham-exposed groups at any exposure level. No dose-response effect was detected.
Tice RR, Hook GG, Donner M, McRee DI, Guy AW. · 2002
DNA damage in leukocytes was assessed with the alkaline comet assay and chromosomal damage in lymphocytes with the micronucleus assay. No significant increase in DNA damage was seen after 3 or 24 hours, and no increase in micronucleated lymphocytes occurred after 3 hours. However, 24-hour exposures at 5.0 or 10.0 W/kg significantly increased micronucleated lymphocytes about fourfold, regardless of signal type, modulation, or frequency.
Testylier G, Tonduli L, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC · 2002
Rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave at 2 or 4 mW/cm(2) for 1 h during the day, or to 800 MHz modulated at 32 Hz at 200 mW/cm(2) for 1 or 14 h during the night. Exposure at 4 mW/cm(2) caused a significant 40% decrease in mean acetylcholine release from hippocampus, maximal at 5 h post exposure. Fourteen-hour nighttime exposure at 800 MHz induced a significant 43% decrease in acetylcholine release during 11 p.m.-4 a.m. compared to control rats.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2002
Researchers exposed 35-day-old Wistar rats to low-level continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves for 2 hr/day over 35 days at a power density of 0.34 mW/cm2 with a specific absorption rate of 0.1 W/kg. Exposed rats showed a significant increase in calcium ion efflux and ornithine decarboxylase activity and a significant decrease in calcium-dependent protein kinase activity in brain tissue. The authors suggested that the radiation affects membrane-bound enzymes linked to cell proliferation and differentiation, indicating a possible tumor-promoting role.
Natarajan M, Vijayalaxmi , Szilagyi M, Roldan FN, Meltz ML · 2002
Lass L et al. · 2002
The study enrolled 100 subjects (37 female, 63 male) and randomly assigned them to an exposed group (10-20 min, 0.158 mW cm(-2)) or a sham-exposed group. The aim was to examine low-level 7 Hz-modulated 450 MHz radiation effects on human performance in visually presented neuropsychological tasks associated with attention and short-term memory. A battery of three different tests measured attention and short-term memory. The results of tasks 1 and 3 showed a significant increase in variances of errors (p<0.05) in the exposed versus the sham-exposed group. The results of task 2 indicated a significant decrease in errors (p<0.05) in the exposed group.
Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK. · 2002
Finnie JW et al. · 2002
The study was designed to examine the effect of long-term exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in murine brains. Mice were given a 60-minute far-field, whole body exposure on each of 5 days per week for 104 weeks at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1.0,2.0 and 4.0 W/kg. In all exposed and control groups, albumin extravasation was minimal and was deemed insignificant.
Di Carlo A, White N, Guo F, Garrett P, Litovitz T. · 2002
Chick embryos were exposed to ELF-EMFs at 8 microT continuously for 4 days, or to ELF or RF EMFs repeated daily for 4 days in sessions of 20, 30, or 60 minutes once or twice daily. Several exposure protocols produced statistically significant decreases in protection against hypoxic stress, including continuous ELF and 30 or 60 minute ELF twice daily, or 30 or 60 minute once daily RF. Following 4 days of ELF-EMF exposure, HSP70 levels declined by 27% compared to controls.
d'Ambrosio G, MassaR, Scarfi MR, Zeni O · 2002
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood cultures to 1.748 GHz microwaves, either as continuous wave or phase-only modulated wave, for 15 minutes. The study measured cell proliferation kinetics and micronucleus frequency to look for genotoxic effects. No changes in cell proliferation kinetics were found after either type of exposure. A statistically significant micronucleus effect was found following exposure to the phase modulated field, but not after continuous wave exposure. The researchers suggested these results indicate a genotoxic power of the phase modulation itself.
Cao XZ, Zhao ML, Wang DW, Dong B. · 2002
Researchers studied whether electromagnetic pulse (EMP) could induce apoptosis in a human lung carcinoma cell line called GLC-82. Cells were irradiated with EMP at an electric field intensity of 60 kV/m, 5 pulses per 2 minutes, and analyzed using cytometry, MTT chronometry, and flow cytometry. EMP visibly inhibited proliferation and activity of the GLC-82 cells, and the highest apoptosis rate reached 13.38% at 6 hours after irradiation. EMP also down-regulated bcl-2 expression and up-regulated p53 expression in the GLC-82 cells.
Bisht KS, Moros EG, Straube WL, Baty JD, Roti Roti JL · 2002
Researchers exposed C3H 10T½ cells to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA modulated radiofrequency radiation to determine whether it caused micronuclei to form. Cells were exposed at power levels of 3.2 or 4.8 W/kg for CDMA and 3.2 or 5.1 W/kg for FDMA, for durations of 3, 8, 16, or 24 hours. In three repeat experiments, no exposure condition produced a significant increase in micronuclei compared to sham-exposed cells.
Bartsch H et al. · 2002
Researchers tested a GSM-like RF signal on mammary tumors induced by DMBA in female Sprague-Dawley rats as a model for human breast cancer. Three experiments were carried out under strictly standardized conditions using a GSM-like signal at 900 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz. The overall results showed no statistically significant effect of RF-field exposure on tumor latency, and cumulative tumor incidence was unaffected as well. The researchers concluded that low-level RF radiation does not appear to possess carcinogenic or cancer-promoting effects on DMBA-induced mammary tumors.
Zhang MB, He JL, Jin LF, Lu DQ. · 2002
Researchers studied whether 2450-MHz microwave radiation interacts with the chemical mitomycin C (MMC) to produce genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes in vitro. Blood cells from a male donor and a female donor were exposed to 2450-MHz microwaves at 5.0 mW/cm2 for 2 h, to MMC alone for 24 h, or to MMC for 24 h following microwave exposure. Microwave exposure alone did not significantly increase comet lengths compared with controls, but combined microwave plus MMC exposure produced significantly longer comet lengths than MMC alone at doses of 0.025 microgram/mL or higher.
Akoev IG et al. · 2002
The study explored how the frequency of microwave modulation affected the activity of several enzymes and affective rat behavior at intensities of 0.8 to 10 microW/cm2. The researchers proposed that free radical processes may play a role in the nonlinear effects observed and in the modification of emotional behavior in animals. The study also postulated a protective role for monoaminoxidase, which is located on the outer surface of mitochondria and deaminates monoamines.
Mueller CH, Krueger H, Schierz C · 2002
This double-blind laboratory experiment tested whether people can perceive a 50 Hz electric and magnetic field at 100 V/m and 6 μT, and whether self-reported electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is related to that ability. A total of 63 volunteers, 49 with self-reported EHS and 14 controls, each judged 10 sham and 10 exposed two-minute blocks in randomized order. Seven of the 63 subjects reached a statistically significant result, but there was no relevant difference between self-reported EHS subjects and controls in perception success rate or in the number and types of symptoms reported.
Liu Y, Weng E, Zhang Y, Hong R. · 2002
Researchers exposed mice to a 50 Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic field at 0.2 mT or 6.0 mT for 2 weeks, and measured markers of the antioxidant system and cell membrane fluidity in brain and liver tissue. Malondialdehyde content in brain and liver increased with exposure, while total antioxidant capability decreased at both field strengths. When electromagnetic field exposure was combined with lead, the researchers observed synergic effects on lipid peroxidation.
Jajte J, Grzegorczyk J, Zmyślony M, Rajkowska E. · 2002
Researchers exposed rat blood lymphocytes to a 7 mT static magnetic field for 3 hours in Helmholtz coils, with some samples also treated with ferrous chloride at 10 μg/ml. The static magnetic field alone and iron ions alone each produced no significant effect on cell viability. When the field and iron ions were combined, there was a significant increase in apoptotic and necrotic cells and significant alterations in cell viability. The researchers suggested that a 7 mT static magnetic field in the presence of Fe2+ ions can increase the concentration of oxygen free radicals and thus may lead to cell death.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Kasuba V, Rozgaj R. · 2002
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to continuous 2450 MHz radiofrequency microwave radiation for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for up to 30 days, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2. Peripheral blood smears were examined for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes as an indicator of genotoxicity. Micronuclei per 1000 PCEs were significantly increased after eight irradiation treatments compared with sham-exposed controls. The researchers noted that an adaptive mechanism in both erythrocytopoiesis and genotoxicity likely appeared during the subchronic irradiation treatment.
Unknown authors · 2001
The study examined the effect of a sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field on preimplantation CBA/S mouse embryos in vitro. Embryos were exposed to a field of 10 A/m rms corresponding to 13 microT rms while cultured at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. Vitality and developmental stages were similar between groups, though slightly more dead embryos appeared on day 1 in the exposed group (P<0.05) and development was slightly impaired. The authors concluded that the exposure did not significantly disturb development up to the blastocyst stage.
Unknown authors · 2001
Researchers induced dopamine neuron damage in newborn rats by infusing 6-OHDA into the brain ventricles on postnatal day 3. At two months of age, the rats were exposed to a 10 Hz, 1.8–3.8 mT magnetic field for one hour daily over 14 days, while a sham-exposed group had the solenoid turned off. After exposure, magnetic-field-exposed rats with dopamine damage showed reduced irritability and oral activity when given a D1 receptor agonist and increased catalepsy when given a D1 receptor antagonist. The authors concluded that extremely low frequency magnetic fields reduce the reactivity of central dopamine D1 receptors.
Unknown authors · 2001
Unknown authors · 2001
