Yang ML, Ye ZM · 2015
Researchers exposed human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells to a 50 Hz, 1 mT extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) for 1, 2 and 3 hours in vitro. ELF-EMF decreased the viability of MG-63 cells, inhibited cell growth, induced cell apoptosis and increased the level of ROS significantly. The apoptosis rate declined significantly after treatment with ROS inhibitor NAC or p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580. The researchers concluded that increased ROS and p38MAPK activation may be involved in the mechanism.
Patruno A, Tabrez S, Pesce M, Shakil S, Kamal MA, Reale M · 2015
Researchers evaluated the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure on catalase, cytochrome P450, and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and protein expression in the myelogenous leukemia cell line K562. A significant modulation of iNOS, CAT, and cytochrome P450 protein expression was recorded in both stimulated and non-stimulated cell lines following ELF-EMF exposure. Changes in the kinetic parameters of these enzymes in response to ELF-EMF indicated an interaction between ELF-EMF and the enzymological system.
Lewicka M et al. · 2015
Ghodbane S, Lahbib A, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2015
Researchers exposed rats to a static magnetic field at 128 mT for one hour per day over five days and measured catalase activity, malondialdehyde concentration, and apoptosis inducing factor labeling in kidney and muscle. SMF exposure increased MDA concentrations by 25% and CAT activities by 34% in kidney, but not in muscle. The treatment failed to induce caspase-independent pathway apoptosis in both kidney and muscle. Selenium pre-treatment inhibited both the MDA and CAT increases in kidney, while vitamin E corrected only MDA levels in rat kidney.
Ghodbane S, Ammari M, Lahbib A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2015
Researchers exposed rats to a static magnetic field of 128 mT for one hour per day over five consecutive days and measured oxidative stress and apoptosis in the brain and liver. The exposure increased catalase activity by 24% in the liver but not in the brain, while malondialdehyde concentration was unchanged in both tissues. Static magnetic field exposure also induced hepatocyte apoptosis through a caspase-independent pathway involving mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor, but no such effect was found in the brain. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation restored liver catalase activity in exposed rats but did not reduce liver apoptosis.
Chung YH et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed rats to an extremely low frequency magnetic field at 60 Hz and 2.0 mT for 2 or 5 days, then measured neurotransmitter levels in the cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. The exposure produced significant differences in norepinephrine and vanillyl mandelic acid in the striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. Significant increases in serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were observed in the striatum, thalamus or hippocampus, and dopamine concentration was significantly increased in the thalamus. The researchers concluded that exposure to ELF-MF may evoke changes in these brain chemicals, though the mechanisms remain to be characterized.
Zuo H et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed differentiated PC12 cells to continuous microwave radiation at 2.856 GHz for 5 minutes with an average power density of 30 mW/cm2. After exposure, RKIP was downregulated while the MEK/ERK/CREB signaling pathway was activated excessively. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decreased, caspase-3 activity increased, and apoptotic DNA fragmentation increased. The researchers suggested that RKIP may act as a key regulator of neuronal damage caused by microwave radiation.
Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang C. · 2015
Researchers investigated whether in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz microwave throughout gestation affected behavior in mouse offspring. Offspring showed less movement in the center of an open field and in an open arm of the elevated-plus maze, which the researchers interpreted as increased anxiety-related behavior. Offspring also showed reduced immobility in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test, which was interpreted as decreased depression-related behavior. In the Morris water maze, male offspring showed decreased learning and memory while female offspring were not affected, suggesting gender-dependent effects.
Xiong L et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed 48 male Wistar rats to 30 mW/cm2 microwave for 10 min every other day for three times, and separately exposed PC12 cells to 30 mW/cm2 microwave for 5 min. Microwave exposure caused injury in rat hippocampal structure and PC12 cells, especially the structure and quantity of synapses. The ratio of glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitters was increased and the intracellular calcium level was elevated in PC12 cells. Significant changes in NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B and related signaling molecules were observed, and these were closely associated with impaired synaptic plasticity.
Wang LF et al. · 2015
Researchers used an in vitro blood-brain barrier model exposed to microwave radiation at 50 mW/cm2 for 5 minutes to study how the VEGF/Flk-1-ERK pathway relates to barrier injury. Microwave radiation caused tight junctions to broaden and fracture, with decreased TEER values and increased HRP permeability. When Flk-1 and MEK1/2 inhibitors were applied, the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier were recovered.
Tang J et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed 108 male Sprague-Dawley rats to a 900 MHz, 1 mW/cm2 electromagnetic field for 14 or 28 days at 3 hours per day, with some rats left unexposed as a sham group. Rats exposed for 28 days crossed platforms less often and spent less time in the target quadrant than rats exposed for 14 days and unexposed rats. Twenty-eight days of exposure was also associated with cellular edema, neuronal cell organelle degeneration, and albumin and HO-1 extravasation in the hippocampus and cortex. The researchers found that 28 days of EMF exposure induced the expression of mkp-1, resulting in ERK dephosphorylation.
Roggeveen S, van Os J, Lousberg R · 2015
Researchers investigated whether third generation mobile phone radiation peaks produce event-related potentials in the brain. Thirty-one healthy females took part in a single-blind, cross-over design where a 15 minute mobile phone exposure was compared to two 15 minute sham phone conditions. When the phone was placed at the ear, an enlarged cortical reactivity was found in the frontal and central cortical regions, but not when it was placed at the heart.
Roggeveen S, van Os J, Viechtbauer W, Lousberg R · 2015
Researchers investigated whether placement of a 3G dialing mobile phone causes direct changes in EEG activity compared to placement of a sham phone. Thirty-one healthy females each participated on two days, with the phone placed at the ear on one day and the chest on the other. Significant radiation effects were found for the alpha, slow beta, fast beta, and gamma bands, with ear placement showing significant results and chest placement not.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Karun KM, Nayak SB, Bhat PG · 2015
Megha K et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed Fischer rats to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz microwave radiation for 30 days at 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, with specific absorption rates of 5.953 × 10−4 and 5.835 × 10−4 W/kg respectively. Levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin were measured in the hippocampus using LC–MS/MS. Exposed animals showed significant reductions in DA, NE, E and 5-HT, and significant downregulation in mRNA expression of TH, TPH1, and TPH2 compared with sham-exposed animals (p < 0.05).
Lustenberger et al. · 2015
The study investigated how much variation exists between individuals and within the same individual in response to pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure during sleep. The EEG analysis showed exposure-related increases in the delta-theta frequency range at several fronto-central electrodes, but no differences in the spindle frequency range. Reproducible within-subject effects on sleep spindle and delta-theta activity were not observed, and it remained unclear whether a biological trait of how subjects' brains react to RF EMF exists.
Lee D, Lee J, Lee I. · 2015
Researchers tracked the movement of 10 pairs of guppies and 15 pairs of zebrafish in a fish tank under a cell phone-generated RF EMF. Fish locomotion was observed under normal conditions, in the visual presence of a cell phone, after feeding, and under starvation. Fish locomotor behavior was random both in normal conditions and in the presence of an off-signaled cell phone, but there were significant changes in locomotion after feeding under the RF EMF. The researchers also demonstrated that temperature elevation caused by the cell phone was not relevant to the observed effects.
Ghosn R et al. · 2015
Researchers recorded resting EEG in 26 healthy young subjects under sham and real RF exposure conditions in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Compared with the sham session, the exposure session showed a statistically significant decrease of alpha band spectral power during the closed-eyes condition. This effect persisted in the postexposure session, and no significant changes were detected in electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, or caffeine between conditions.
Deshmukh PS et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed male Fischer rats to microwave radiation for 180 days at 3 different frequencies, namely, 900, 1800 MHz, and 2450 MHz. The study investigated effects on cognitive function, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and DNA damage in rat brain. The results showed declined cognitive function, elevated HSP70 level, and DNA damage in the brains of microwave-exposed animals. The researchers concluded that chronic low-intensity microwave exposure in the frequency range of 900 to 2450 MHz may cause hazardous effects on the brain.
Danker-Hopfe H et al. · 2015
Researchers conducted a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled cross-over study to examine whether electromagnetic fields from GSM 900 and WCDMA/UMTS devices affected sleep. Thirty healthy young men between 18 and 30 years old were each exposed three times per exposure condition while their sleep was recorded. The only consistent finding across individuals was an increase of stage R sleep under GSM 900 MHz exposure in 9 of 30 subjects and under WCDMA/UMTS exposure in 10 of 30 subjects.
Bodera P et al. · 2015
Researchers measured malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, in the blood, liver, kidneys, and brain of Wistar rats that were healthy or had inflammation, and exposed them repeatedly to 1800 MHz EMF. The exposure was repeated five times for 15 minutes and was studied both alone and combined with the opioid painkiller tramadol. MDA levels were slightly elevated in the blood, kidney, and brain of healthy rats in EMF-exposed groups treated with tramadol, while MDA in the liver remained at the same level across all groups. Overall, results for healthy rats and animals with inflammation did not differ significantly.
Szyjkowska A, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W, Bortkiewicz A. · 2014
Polish researchers surveyed 587 mobile phone users to understand what symptoms people experience from cell phone use. They found that heavy phone users (those making frequent, long calls) were significantly more likely to report headaches (63% of heavy users), fatigue (45%), and warmth around the ear during or after calls. The symptoms typically appeared during calls and disappeared within 2 hours, though 26% experienced headaches lasting over 6 hours.
Zhou H et al. · 2014
Researchers used computer modeling to calculate how much radiofrequency energy (SAR) gets absorbed by different parts of the human brain at various frequencies. They found that the brain absorbs particularly high levels of energy at around 250 MHz and 900-1200 MHz frequencies, likely because the head acts like an antenna that resonates at these specific frequencies. This matters because these frequency ranges overlap with common wireless technologies like cell phones and radio broadcasts.
Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ. · 2014
Researchers reanalyzed data from INTERPHONE, the largest study on mobile phones and brain cancer, and found something unexpected: mobile phone users actually showed lower rates of brain tumors (24.3% decreased risk for meningioma, 22.1% for glioma) compared to non-users. The authors suggest this protective effect might result from 'adaptive response,' where low-level radiofrequency exposure triggers cellular defense mechanisms that help prevent cancer.
Vereshchako GG, Chueshova NV, Gorokh GA, Naumov AD. · 2014
Russian researchers exposed pregnant rats and their male offspring to cell phone radiation (897 MHz) for 8 hours daily throughout pregnancy and early development. The exposed male rats showed accelerated sexual development, disrupted sperm production with abnormal cell counts at different stages, and decreased sperm viability despite having more mature sperm overall. This suggests that EMF exposure during critical developmental periods can cause lasting reproductive damage that persists into adulthood.
