Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2010
Researchers exposed male rats to 50 GHz microwave radiation (similar to 5G frequencies) for 2 hours daily over 45 days and examined the effects on sperm cells. The exposed rats showed significant damage to sperm quality, including increased cell death, disrupted cell division cycles, and reduced antioxidant defenses that normally protect cells from damage. These changes suggest the radiation could contribute to male fertility problems.
Grigor'ev IuG et al. · 2010
Achudume A, Onibere B, Aina F, Tchokossa P · 2010
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to radio frequency radiation at 1800 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 0.95 to 3.9 W/kg for 40 or 60 days continuously. At 40 days, electromagnetic radiation failed to induce any significant alterations. At 60 days of exposure, various attributes evaluated decreased, including decreases in NADPH and ascorbate-linked lipid peroxidation along with diminution in enzymatic antioxidative defense systems and decreased glucose residue.
Tayefi H et al. · 2010
Potenza L et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to a 300 mT static magnetic field for 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours. After 4 hours of exposure, the static field induced damage at the nuclear and mitochondrial levels, reduced mitochondrial content, and increased reactive oxygen species. Twenty-four hours of exposure increased mitochondrial DNA content as well as expression of a gene related to mitochondrial biogenesis. No significant differences between exposed and sham cultures were found after 48 and 72 hours, and cell viability did not show a statistically significant change overall.
Morabito C et al. · 2010
Researchers used C2C12 cells as an in vitro model of the skeletal muscle phenotype to study the effects of short-term exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on muscle cell differentiation and function. ELF-EMFs induced reactive oxygen species production in myoblasts and myotubes with a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. The cellular detoxification system was activated, with increases in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. ELF-EMFs also altered intracellular calcium homeostasis, increasing the spontaneous activity of myotubes and enhancing cellular reactivity to a depolarizing agent or an agonist of intracellular store calcium channels.
Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Fanò G, Mariggiò MA · 2010
Researchers studied how extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) of different intensities and durations affected PC12 cells, a cell line used as a neuronal model, during neuronal differentiation. Long-lasting ELF-EMF exposure did not appear to significantly affect proliferation or neuritogenesis. During acute exposure lasting 30 minutes, ROS levels were increased and catalase activity was decreased in undifferentiated PC12 cells, while chronic exposure at 1.0 mT increased catalase activity. Acute exposure affected spontaneous intracellular calcium variations, and basal intracellular calcium was increased after chronic exposure.
Martínez-Sámano J et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (60 Hz, 2.4 mT) for two hours to evaluate early effects on antioxidant systems in plasma, liver, kidney, and heart. SOD activity was lower in the plasma of restrained and EMF-exposed animals compared to unrestrained rats. There were no significant differences in CAT activity and TBARS levels among the experimental groups versus the control group. The researchers noted that oxidative stress induced by movement restraint was stronger than that produced by EMF.
Mannerling AC, Simkó M, Mild KH, Mattsson MO · 2010
Researchers exposed human K562 leukemia cells to a 50-Hz sine-wave magnetic field for 1 hour at flux densities ranging from 0.025 to 0.10 mT, measuring proliferation, cell cycle distribution, superoxide radical anion levels, and HSP70 protein levels. Both vertical and horizontal exposures caused significantly and transiently increased HSP70 levels of more than twofold at several flux densities, compared to sham controls and also compared to a heat-treatment positive control. Superoxide radical anion levels increased by 30–40%, and adding free radical scavengers melatonin or 1,10-phenantroline inhibited the magnetic-field-induced increase in HSP70. Cell cycle kinetics and proliferation were not affected by exposure at 0.10 mT for 1 hour.
Lee HM et al. · 2010
Researchers cultured human intervertebral disc (IVD) cells in alginate beads and exposed them to an electromagnetic field at 1.8 millitesla magnetic flux density and 60 Hz. Cellular proliferation was observed in the EMF group (p < 0.05), and no cytotoxicity was found. There was no significant change in the expression of aggrecan, type I, and type II collagen mRNA in the EMF group compared to the control group. DNA synthesis was partially mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.
Goraca A, Ciejka E, Piechota A. · 2010
Researchers exposed rats to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) at 40 Hz and 7 mT for either 30 or 60 minutes per day for 14 days, then measured oxidative stress markers in heart tissue and plasma. Exposure at 30 minutes per day did not significantly alter any of the measured oxidative stress markers.
Garip AI, Akan Z. · 2010
Researchers investigated the effect of ELF-EMF on apoptosis in K562 human leukemia cells, with and without oxidative stress, and examined links to heat-shock protein 70 levels. ELF-EMF at 1 mT and 50 Hz was applied for 3 hours, with one group of cells treated with H2O2 to induce oxidative stress and another left untreated. In cells not exposed to oxidative stress, ELF-EMF caused a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells and a slight increase in viability. In cells treated with H2O2, ELF-EMF increased the number of apoptotic cells, and hsp70 and reactive oxygen species levels were also increased.
Frahm J, Mattsson MO, Simkó M. · 2010
Researchers exposed mouse macrophages to a 50 Hz, 1.0 mT magnetic field and measured changes in reactive oxygen species production and protein expression. Short-term exposures of two hours or less caused slight and transient decreases in several proteins, including clathrin, adaptin, PI3-kinase, protein kinase B, and PP2A, while longer exposures had no effect on these proteins. The stress proteins Hsp70 and Hsp110 showed increased levels at certain time points but not generally.
Ciejka E, Skibska B, Kleniewska P, Goraca A. · 2010
Researchers studied the influence of a low-frequency magnetic field on oxidative stress markers in rat muscles. Thirty male rats weighing 280 to 300 grams were randomly divided into three experimental groups, each containing seven animals. One treatment group was exposed to 40 Hz and 7 mT for 0.5 hours per day for 14 days, and the other was exposed at the same settings for 1 hour per day for 14 days. Exposure caused a significant increase in sulfhydryl group concentration and a decrease in protein concentration in the muscle homogenates.
Ayşe IG, Zafer A, Sule O, Işil IT, Kalkan T. · 2010
Researchers studied the effect of ELF-EMF on the differentiation of K562 cells at different time courses. A single exposure to ELF-EMF resulted in a decrease in differentiation, while ELF-EMF applied every day for 1 hour caused an increase in differentiation. ELF-EMF increased ROS levels in K562 cells not treated with hemin, but did not change ROS levels in hemin-treated cells, indicating that ROS was not the cause of the differentiation effects.
Akan Z, Aksu B, Tulunay A, Bilsel S, Inhan-Garip A · 2010
Researchers applied 50 Hz, 1 mT electromagnetic fields for 4 to 6 hours to human monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) that had been stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus or interferon gamma/lipopolysaccharide. Field application increased nitric oxide levels, with the increase appearing earlier and being more prominent in cells stimulated with S. aureus. ELF-EMF alone caused increased hsp70 levels in a time-dependent manner, and the growth curve of exposed bacteria was lower than the control. The researchers suggested that ELF-EMF could be exploited for beneficial uses.
Szemerszky R, Zelena D, Barna I, Bárdos G. · 2010
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields at 0.5 mT, either for 5 days at 8 hours daily or for 4 to 6 weeks at 24 hours daily. Neither exposure duration produced the body changes associated with chronic stress, such as body weight reduction, thymus involution, or adrenal gland hypertrophy. After long-term exposure, rats showed elevated proopiomelanocortin and depressive-like behavior, and blood glucose was also higher. The researchers noted that the exposure intensity used was much higher than typical human exposure.
Sun H, Che Y, Liu X, Zhou D, Miao Y, Ma Y. · 2010
Researchers investigated memory impairment in newly hatched chicks following in ovo exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field of 2 mT for 60 minutes per day on embryonic days 12 through 18. Memory retention was tested at 10, 30, and 120 minutes after exposure to a bitter-tasting bead.
Ravera S et al. · 2010
Researchers investigated how extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in synaptosomal membranes from the cerebellum. Sinusoidal 50 Hz fields at different amplitudes caused AChE activity to decrease about 27%, with a threshold of about 0.74 mT. The decrease was completely reversible and independent of the time spent in the field. When the synaptosomal membranes were solubilized with Triton, the fields did not affect AChE activity, suggesting the membrane plays a crucial role in the effect.
Kumar S, Jain S, Behari J, Avelev VD, Mathur R. · 2010
Researchers studied the effect of magnetic field exposure on food intake, water intake, and body weight in rats with complete spinal cord injury. Exposure ran at 50 Hz and 17.9 T for 2 hours per day over 8 weeks in rats with complete spinal cord transection at the T13 level. The results suggest a significant beneficial effect of chronic exposure to magnetic field of paraplegic rats.
Gulturk S et al. · 2010
Rats in the magnetic field groups were exposed to a 5 mT field for 165 minutes every day for 30 days, and all rats underwent Evans blue measurement to evaluate the blood-brain barrier. Diabetes and magnetic field exposure each increased blood-brain barrier permeability, their combination caused a greater increase, and insulin reduced that effect.
Cuccurazzu B et al. · 2010
The exposure significantly enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, with increased numbers of cells labeled for markers of new and developing neurons. Roughly half of the newly generated neurons survived 30 days after stimulation and became mature neurons integrated into the granule cell layer. The new mature neurons were associated with increased long-term potentiation, indicating an influence on hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
Carrubba S, Frilot C 2nd, Chesson AL Jr, Marino AA · 2010
Researchers recorded EEGs from six standard locations in 20 volunteers to detect brain potentials triggered by a pulse of the type produced by mobile phones. Evoked potentials having the expected latency were found in 90% of the volunteers, as assessed using a nonlinear method of EEG analysis. Evoked potentials were not detected when the EEG was analyzed using time averaging. The possibility of systematic error was excluded by sham-exposure analyses.
Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Kurt MA, Taşkin A · 2010
Researchers exposed rats to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields for 2 hours per day for 10 months, then measured apoptosis and oxidative stress markers in brain tissue. Apoptosis scores and MPO activity were not significantly different between the exposed and sham groups. MDA, TOS, and OSI values were found to be higher in the ELF-500 group than in the ELF-100 and sham groups, and total antioxidative capacity was lower in the ELF-500 group.
Yang X, He G, Hao Y, Chen C, Li M, Wang Y, Zhang G, Yu Z · 2010
Researchers studied how electromagnetic field exposure affects N9 microglial cells and the role of the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway in any resulting pro-inflammatory responses. EMF significantly induced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3, and also dramatically increased the expression of CD11b, TNF-α, and iNOS, and the production of NO. When cells were pretreated with the JAK inhibitor P6, phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was strongly suppressed, and expression of CD11b, TNF-α, and iNOS was suppressed at 12 hours but not at 3 hours after EMF exposure.
