Janać B, Tovilović G, Tomić M, Prolić Z, Radenović L. · 2009
Serbian researchers exposed rats to power line frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz) for up to seven days. The exposure significantly altered serotonin brain receptors that control mood and behavior, with effects becoming stronger over longer exposure periods. This suggests household electrical fields may impact brain chemistry.
Amara S et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to strong magnetic fields for 30 days and found significant brain damage. The magnetic fields reduced protective antioxidant enzymes by up to 59% and increased harmful oxidative stress by 32%, suggesting magnetic field exposure threatens brain health.
Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. · 2009
Researchers exposed rat blood cells to 915-MHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in some mobile phones) for 4 hours and found it caused DNA damage. However, when they pre-treated the cells with bee venom, it significantly reduced this DNA damage, suggesting bee venom has protective properties against microwave radiation effects.
Varró P, Szemerszky R, Bárdos G, Világi I. · 2009
Researchers exposed rat brain tissue to 50 Hz magnetic fields at levels commonly found near power lines (250-500 microtesla) and measured changes in brain cell communication. They found that direct exposure reduced normal brain signaling, while whole-body exposure increased seizure susceptibility and altered how brain cells strengthen their connections. These findings suggest that everyday electromagnetic fields from electrical infrastructure can measurably alter fundamental brain functions.
Strasák L, Bártová E, Krejci J, Fojt L, Vetterl V. · 2009
Researchers exposed mice to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as electrical power lines) for 4 days and measured changes in brain proteins. They found that exposure significantly decreased levels of c-Jun, a protein crucial for brain cell communication and development. This suggests that even short-term exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields can alter important brain proteins.
Janać B, Tovilović G, Tomić M, Prolić Z, Radenović L. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (the same type produced by power lines and household appliances) for up to 7 days and measured changes in brain chemistry. They found that these magnetic fields altered serotonin receptors in the brain's prefrontal cortex, with effects becoming more pronounced after longer exposure periods. This matters because serotonin plays a crucial role in mood, sleep, and behavior regulation.
Di Loreto S et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed rat brain cells to 50 Hz magnetic fields and found the exposure improved cell survival and reduced cell death. The magnetic fields also triggered protective antioxidant responses and increased production of proteins that support brain health, suggesting potential protective effects.
Balassa T, Szemerszky R, Bárdos G. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 500 microtesla (the workplace safety limit) for 20 minutes and found the animals became more passive and anxious in behavioral tests. The magnetic field exposure increased situational anxiety and reduced activity levels, though it didn't affect social behaviors. This suggests that even brief exposure to magnetic fields at legally permitted levels can alter brain function and behavior.
Naziroğlu M, Gümral N. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over four weeks. The radiation significantly reduced protective antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E in brain tissue. This suggests wireless devices may deplete the brain's natural defenses against cellular damage.
López-Martín E et al. · 2009
Spanish researchers exposed rats to cell phone signals for 2 hours and found that pulsed GSM radiation affected brain activity differently than continuous radiation of equal strength. The pulsed signals altered gene activity in brain areas controlling seizures, emotions, and memory, suggesting unique biological effects beyond heating.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian researchers exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation at the same power level your phone uses during calls (1 W/kg SAR). The radiation significantly reduced the number of neural branches that normally grow as brain cells mature, suggesting cell phone signals may interfere with normal brain development. This finding raises concerns about wireless exposure during critical periods of brain development in children and adolescents.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian researchers exposed brain cells to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM at 1 W/kg SAR) for 144 hours to see if it made them more vulnerable to damage. While the radiation alone didn't harm the cells, it made one type of brain cell significantly more vulnerable to damage from hydrogen peroxide, a common cellular toxin that causes oxidative stress.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Ocak AR · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for 2 hours daily over 10 months to study brain cell death (apoptosis) and oxidative stress. Surprisingly, they found reduced cell death and increased antioxidant activity in exposed rats compared to controls. This unexpected finding suggests the brain may activate protective mechanisms in response to chronic low-level radiation exposure.
Daniels WM, Pitout IL, Afullo TJ, Mabandla MV · 2009
Young rats exposed to cell phone radiation (840 MHz) for three hours daily showed subtle behavioral changes including reduced activity and increased grooming, despite normal memory and brain structure. This suggests early EMF exposure may affect brain function in ways not immediately apparent.
Bas O, Odaci E, Kaplan S, Acer N, Ucok K, Colakoglu S · 2009
Researchers exposed female rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for one hour daily over 28 days. They found significant loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for memory and learning, raising concerns about potential effects from regular phone use.
Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to 50-gigahertz microwave radiation (similar to 5G frequencies) for 2 hours daily over 45 days at very low power levels. The study found significant DNA damage in brain cells, along with disrupted antioxidant defenses and decreased protein kinase C activity. These cellular changes suggest that even low-level millimeter wave exposure may affect brain function and cellular health.
Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. · 2009
Researchers exposed rat blood cells to 915-MHz microwave radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) for 30 minutes and found it caused DNA damage. However, when they pre-treated the cells with honeybee venom, the DNA damage was significantly reduced. This suggests that certain natural compounds might help protect our cells from radiofrequency radiation damage.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian researchers exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation at levels similar to what phones emit (1 W/kg SAR at 900 MHz). They found that this radiation significantly reduced the growth of neurites - the branch-like extensions that neurons use to connect and communicate with each other. This suggests that cell phone radiation may interfere with normal brain cell development and connection formation.
Yilmaz F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kilinc N. · 2008
Researchers exposed rats to radiation from 900 MHz cell phones for 20 minutes daily for one month to see if it affected bcl-2, a protein that helps prevent cell death in the brain and testes. They found no changes in bcl-2 levels compared to unexposed rats. This suggests that at least for this specific cellular protection mechanism, short-term phone radiation exposure may not cause immediate harm to these organs.
Sanchez S et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed hairless rats to cell phone radiation (GSM-900 and GSM-1800 signals) for up to 12 weeks to see if it would trigger heat shock proteins, which are cellular stress markers that indicate when cells are under strain. The study found no changes in these stress proteins at any exposure level tested, including levels up to 5 watts per kilogram. This suggests that under these experimental conditions, the cell phone radiation did not cause detectable cellular stress in rat skin.
Prisco MG et al. · 2008
Italian researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM signals) for 4 weeks, then transplanted their bone marrow cells into radiation-damaged mice to test if the EMF exposure affected the immune system's ability to rebuild itself. The bone marrow cells from EMF-exposed mice performed just as well as unexposed cells in rescuing the damaged mice and rebuilding their immune systems. This suggests that moderate cell phone radiation exposure doesn't impair the bone marrow's critical immune-building functions.
Paparini A et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed mice to GSM cell phone radiation (1800 MHz) for one hour and analyzed gene expression changes in brain tissue using advanced genetic screening techniques. They found no significant changes in brain gene expression patterns, even when using less strict analysis methods that initially suggested 75 genes might be affected. This study suggests that short-term exposure to cell phone-level radiation may not cause major genetic changes in brain tissue.
Lee JJ et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed mouse cells to cell phone-level radiofrequency radiation (849 MHz) at power levels of 2 or 10 watts per kilogram for up to three days and measured whether this affected cell division, movement, or invasion capabilities. They found no statistically significant changes in any of these cellular functions compared to unexposed cells. This suggests that short-term RF exposure at these power levels does not disrupt basic cellular processes related to growth and migration.
Kim TH et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation at 849 MHz and 1763 MHz frequencies for up to 12 months, using radiation levels about 4 times higher than current safety limits. They found no changes in brain cell death, cell growth, or tissue damage compared to unexposed mice. This suggests that chronic exposure to these specific frequencies at high levels may not cause detectable brain tissue changes in mice.
Huang TQ et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed mouse auditory hair cells (the cells responsible for hearing) to cell phone radiation at 1763 MHz for up to 48 hours at extremely high power levels - 10 times stronger than typical phone use. They found no DNA damage, no changes in cell cycles, no stress responses, and only 29 out of 32,000 genes showed any change. The study suggests that even at these high exposure levels, cell phone radiation doesn't cause measurable biological damage to the specialized cells in our ears.
