Finnie JW et al. · 2002
The study was designed to examine the effect of long-term exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in murine brains. Mice were given a 60-minute far-field, whole body exposure on each of 5 days per week for 104 weeks at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1.0,2.0 and 4.0 W/kg. In all exposed and control groups, albumin extravasation was minimal and was deemed insignificant.
Di Carlo A, White N, Guo F, Garrett P, Litovitz T. · 2002
Chick embryos were exposed to ELF-EMFs at 8 microT continuously for 4 days, or to ELF or RF EMFs repeated daily for 4 days in sessions of 20, 30, or 60 minutes once or twice daily. Several exposure protocols produced statistically significant decreases in protection against hypoxic stress, including continuous ELF and 30 or 60 minute ELF twice daily, or 30 or 60 minute once daily RF. Following 4 days of ELF-EMF exposure, HSP70 levels declined by 27% compared to controls.
Bisht KS, Moros EG, Straube WL, Baty JD, Roti Roti JL · 2002
Researchers exposed C3H 10T½ cells to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA modulated radiofrequency radiation to determine whether it caused micronuclei to form. Cells were exposed at power levels of 3.2 or 4.8 W/kg for CDMA and 3.2 or 5.1 W/kg for FDMA, for durations of 3, 8, 16, or 24 hours. In three repeat experiments, no exposure condition produced a significant increase in micronuclei compared to sham-exposed cells.
Bartsch H et al. · 2002
Researchers tested a GSM-like RF signal on mammary tumors induced by DMBA in female Sprague-Dawley rats as a model for human breast cancer. Three experiments were carried out under strictly standardized conditions using a GSM-like signal at 900 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz. The overall results showed no statistically significant effect of RF-field exposure on tumor latency, and cumulative tumor incidence was unaffected as well. The researchers concluded that low-level RF radiation does not appear to possess carcinogenic or cancer-promoting effects on DMBA-induced mammary tumors.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Kasuba V, Rozgaj R. · 2002
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to continuous 2450 MHz radiofrequency microwave radiation for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for up to 30 days, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2. Peripheral blood smears were examined for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes as an indicator of genotoxicity. Micronuclei per 1000 PCEs were significantly increased after eight irradiation treatments compared with sham-exposed controls. The researchers noted that an adaptive mechanism in both erythrocytopoiesis and genotoxicity likely appeared during the subchronic irradiation treatment.
Zook BC, Simmens SJ, · 2001
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to 860 MHz pulsed or continuous radiofrequency radiation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week from 2 up to 24 months of age. The specific absorption rate was 1.0 W/ kg averaged over the brain. The rats were offspring of females injected intravenously with 0, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea to induce brain tumors. There was no statistically significant evidence that the radiation induced neoplasia in any tissues or promoted cranial or spinal nerve or spinal cord tumors. The radiation had no statistically significant effect on brain tumor number, volume, location, multiplicity, histological type, malignancy, or fatality.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001
Eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2450 MHz RFR in circularly polarized waveguides, and eight sham-exposed rats were kept in similar waveguides without RFR transmission. Four rats treated with mitomycin-C served as positive controls, and all rats were necropsied 24h after exposure to examine peripheral blood and bone marrow smears for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. The incidence of micronuclei per 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly different between RFR-exposed and sham-exposed rats.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed peripheral blood samples from four healthy nonsmoking volunteers to 847.74 MHz CDMA radiation at SARs of 4.9 or 5.5 W/kg for 24 hours. Sham-exposed and gamma-irradiated (1.5 Gy) samples served as controls. No significant differences were found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes in mitotic indices, frequencies of exchange aberrations, excess fragments, binucleate cells, or micronuclei. Gamma-irradiated lymphocytes showed significantly different responses for all indices compared to both RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells. The authors concluded there was no evidence for induction of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei under these exposure conditions.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed diluted peripheral blood from four healthy volunteers to 835.62 MHz RF radiation at SARs of 4.4 or 5.0 W/kg for 24 hours. Sham-exposed and gamma-irradiated (1.50 Gy) samples served as negative and positive controls, and lymphocytes were cultured for 48 or 72 hours to assess chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, mitotic indices, and binucleate cells. No significant differences were found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes for any of the measured endpoints, while gamma radiation produced significantly different responses. The authors concluded there is no evidence for induction of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei under these exposure conditions.
Stagg RB et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed tube-restrained Fischer 344 rats to pulse-modulated 1.6 GHz Iridium cell phone fields at brain SARs of 0.16, 1.6 and 5 W/ kg for 2 hours. Core body temperature increased transiently by about 0.3 degrees C during the first 30 minutes of loose-tube restraint in conditioned animals. Immobilization alone caused a nearly 10-fold rise in ACTH and corticosterone in conditioned rats, and non-conditioned rats showed 3-10-fold higher hormone levels at 120 minutes. RF exposure did not change core body temperature, corticosterone, ACTH, or brain Odc, Fos, Jun mRNA compared with sham-exposed immobilized animals. The authors concluded that the pulse-modulated digital Iridium RF field at SARs up to 5 W/kg is incapable of altering these stress-related responses.
Roti Roti JL et al. · 2001
Researchers measured the effect of 835.62 MHz FDMA and 847.74 MHz CDMA radiation on neoplastic transformation frequency using the in vitro C3H 10T(1/2) cell transformation assay system. Cells were exposed at 37°C to either radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg for 7 days to test for genotoxic effects, or after 4.5 Gy X-ray exposure for 42 days to test for epigenetic promotion effects. After both the 7-day and 42-day exposures, no statistically significant differences in transformation frequencies were found between incubator controls, sham-exposed groups, and RF-exposed groups.
Nelson BK, Snyder DL, Shaw PB · 2001
Researchers gave pregnant rats methanol at 0, 2, or 3 g/kg on gestation day 9 or 13, combined with RF radiation on day 9 or 2ME on day 13. On day 9, RF radiation or methanol increased fetal resorptions without interaction, and resorptions were highest when treatments were separated by 1.5 hours. The higher methanol dose also reduced fetal weights. On day 13, 2ME or methanol increased malformations with a positive interaction between them, while fetal weights were reduced by each agent alone without interaction.
Mason PA et al. · 2001
In this study we investigated whether a single (1.0 W/cm(2) for 10 s) or repeated (2 exposures/week for 12 weeks, 333 mW/cm(2) for 10 s) exposure to 94 GHz RFR serves as a promoter or co-promoter in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced SENCAR mouse model of skin carcinogenesis. Neither paradigm of MMW exposure significantly affected papilloma development, as evidenced by a lack of effect on tumor incidence and multiplicity. There was also no evidence that MMW exposure served as a co-promoter in DMBA-induced animals repeatedly treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.
Maes A, Collier M, Verschaeve L · 2001
Researchers investigated cytogenetic effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency fields using chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange frequency methods. They studied three exposure modes (continuous, pseudo-random, dummy burst) at power outputs from 0 to 50 W. Specific absorption rates ranged from 0 to 10 W/kg. The study examined effects of radiation alone and combined with mitomycin C and X-rays. Overall, no mutagenic or co-mutagenic effect was found.
Koivisto M et al. · 2001
Researchers studied the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from digital GSM mobile phones (902 MHz, 217 Hz pulse modulation) on subjective symptoms in healthy subjects using two single-blind experiments. The results did not reveal any differences between exposure and non-exposure conditions. Exposure durations were about 60 minutes in Experiment 1 and 30 minutes in Experiment 2. Subjects rated symptoms including headache, dizziness, fatigue, itching or tingling of the skin, redness on the skin, and sensations of warmth on the skin.
Higashikubo R et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed mouse C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts and human U87MG glioma cells to two types of radiofrequency fields at 0.6 W/kg. Five cell cycle parameters including transit through G1, G2, and S phase and probability of cell division were measured immediately and up to 100 hours. No changes in cell cycle parameters were observed in exposed cells compared to sham-exposed cells in either cell line during the entire experimental period.
Heikkinen P et al. · 2001
Researchers evaluated the effect of low-level RF radiation on cancer development initiated by ionizing radiation in mice. Two hundred female CBA/S mice were randomized into four equal groups at 3 to 5 weeks of age, and all groups except the cage-control group were exposed to ionizing radiation followed by RF radiation for 1.5 h per day, 5 days a week for 78 weeks. One group received continuous NMT-type RF radiation at 902.5 MHz and 1.5 W/kg SAR, another received pulsed GSM-type RF radiation at 902.4 MHz and 0.35 W/kg SAR, while controls were sham-exposed. RF radiation exposures did not significantly increase the incidence of any neoplastic lesion. The researchers concluded that the results do not provide evidence for cancer promotion by RF radiation from mobile phones.
Li L et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed murine C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts to radiofrequency fields at specific absorption rates of 3.2 to 5.1 W/kg. Cell cultures were exposed to 847.74 MHz CDMA and 835.62 MHz FDMA modulated radiations in radial transmission line irradiators with temperature regulated to 37.0 ± 0.3 °C. Using the alkaline comet assay, they found no statistically significant differences in comet moment or comet length between sham-exposed and exposed cells after 2, 4, or 24 hours of exposure, for both exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells. A 4-hour incubation after a 2-hour exposure also resulted in no significant changes in comet moment or comet length. The authors concluded that exposure at 37°C up to 5.1 W/kg did not induce measurable DNA damage.
Stang A et al. · 2001
Sebastian JL, Munoz S, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2001
Researchers calculated electric field intensity using the finite element method in single- and multilayer spherical, cylindrical, and ellipsoidal mammalian cell models exposed to 900 and 2450 MHz plane waves. They analyzed how cell geometry and orientation relative to the external field influence the electric field induced in the membrane and cytoplasm. The study found that cytoplasmic and extracellular bound water layers play a significant role in determining electric field intensity for cylindrical and ellipsoidal models.
Lalic H, Lekic A, Radosevic-Stasic B. · 2001
Researchers investigated genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in 25 hospital workers and 20 radio-relay station workers using chromosome aberration analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Total chromosome aberrations were almost equally higher in both exposed groups compared to unexposed controls. Acentric fragments were the most frequent aberration and were significantly higher in both exposed groups than in controls. Dicentric fragments were also elevated in both exposed groups, while chromatid breaks increased only after ionizing radiation.
Dabrowski MP, Stankiewicz W, Sobiczewska E, Szmigielski S. · 2001
The study aimed to investigate immunotropic effects of electromagnetic fields in the radio- and microwave frequency range. The authors based their presentation on reviewed literature and their own experiments. They concluded that more systematic and multidisciplinary investigations should be undertaken covering the wide spectrum of immune homeostatic tasks.
Hocking B. · 2001
The article aims to inform professionals about possible health effects from RFR overexposure and the clinical approach to cases. It provides a clinical approach integrating patient symptoms and exposure circumstances. Emergency treatment and ongoing care are outlined along with sources of expert advice.
Hocking B · 2001
The paper describes early reports of microwave sickness from Eastern Europe and notes Western scepticism about them. It also considers recent reports by Western specialists and a possible neurological basis for the condition. The paper concludes that microwave sickness is a medical entity that should be recognized as a possible risk for radiofrequency radiation workers.
Cheever KL et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 10 MHz radiofrequency radiation and measured metabolism and distribution of 2-methoxyethanol and its metabolite methoxyacetic acid. Radiofrequency exposure reduced total body clearance of radiolabeled 2-methoxyethanol but did not change methoxyacetic acid levels in serum, embryos, or extraembryonic fluid. Protein adduct formation in embryos did not differ in a way that would explain the reported synergy between radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol.
