Kismali G, Ozgur E, Guler G, Akcay A, Sel T, Seyhan N. · 2012
Researchers exposed 13-month-old New Zealand White rabbits to whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like radiofrequency radiation for 15 minutes per day for seven days. The study used four groups: non-pregnant controls, non-pregnant exposed, pregnant controls, and pregnant exposed. Lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde levels did not change after exposure. Several blood chemistry parameters including cholesterol, total protein, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, creatine kinase, and CK-MB changed due to both pregnancy and RFR exposure. No indication of oxidative stress was detected in pregnant rabbits, though CK-MB and CK increases were described as remarkable.
Hong MN et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells to single frequencies of 837 MHz or 1950 MHz, or both frequencies together, at a SAR of 4 W/kg for 2 hours while maintaining isothermal temperature. They measured intracellular ROS, SOD enzyme activity, and GSH/GSSG ratio and found no statistically significant alterations from either single or multiple RF radiation exposures. Ionizing radiation used as a positive control showed evident changes in all measured endpoints. The results indicate that single or multiple RF radiation exposure did not elicit oxidative stress in MCF10A cells under these conditions.
Demirel S, Doganay S, Turkoz Y, Dogan Z, Turan B, Firat PG. · 2012
Eighteen Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to either 3G mobile phone radiation exposure for 20 days or a control group with no exposure. Researchers measured glutathione peroxidase and catalase in eye tissue, and malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione in blood. No significant differences were found in GSH-Px (p = 0.99) or CAT (p = 0.18) activity in eye tissue between exposed and control rats. No significant differences were found in MDA (p = 0.69) or GSH levels (p = 0.83) in blood between groups.
Vannoni D et al. · 2012
Researchers cultured isolated human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro, some stimulated with IL-1beta or IGF-1 to mimic osteoarthritis imbalance. The cells were exposed to extremely low frequency (100 Hz) electromagnetic fields and to Therapeutic Application of Musically Modulated Electromagnetic Fields (TAMMEF) with variable frequencies, intensities, and waveforms. Using flow cytometry, they tested effects on chondrocyte metabolism. Exposure to both systems enhanced cell proliferation and did not generate reactive oxygen species, cause glutathione depletion, change mitochondrial transmembrane potential, or induce apoptosis.
Hong MN et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed MCF10A human breast epithelial cells to 1 mT of 60 Hz ELF-MF for 4 hours and measured intracellular ROS level, SOD activity, and GSH/GSSG ratio. The ELF-MF exposed cells showed no statistically significant changes in these parameters compared to incubator controls or sham-exposed cells. In contrast, ionizing radiation exposed cells showed marked changes in ROS level, SOD activity, and GSH/GSSG ratio, and were positive for morphological changes and SA-β-Gal activity.
Dogan M et al. · 2012
Rats were randomly assigned to an exposed group (n=9) and a control group (n=9), with the exposed group subjected to electromagnetic radiation for 20 days. Researchers measured choline, creatinin, and N-acetylaspartate levels by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by spectrophotometry, and apoptosis by histopathology. No significant differences were found in NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, or NAA/Cho ratios between the exposed and control groups. Oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic cell counts also showed no significant differences between groups.
Nazıroğlu M, Ciğ B, Doğan S, Uğuz AC, Dilek S, Faouzi D. · 2012
Researchers divided twelve cell cultures into control and irradiated groups of six each, then further split them into four exposure durations of 1, 2, 12, and 24 hours. Exposed cells showed higher lipid peroxidation, cytosolic free Ca²⁺, and cell numbers than controls. The rise in cytosolic free Ca²⁺ was radiation time-dependent and highest at 24 hours. Reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, and cell viability did not change in any group. 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate inhibited Ca²⁺ influx by blocking transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channels.
Fattahi-Asl J et al. · 2012
Fifty human serum wells from 25 normal healthy donors were labeled with ruthenium for an immunoassay and placed into two batches. The first batch was exposed to 900 MHz radiation from a Nokia 1202 cell phone in speech mode for 30 minutes. Ferritin levels in the exposed batch averaged 84.94 ± 1.04 μg/L versus 87.25 ± 0.83 μg/L in the unexposed batch, a significant decrease (P = 0.029).
Al-Damegh MA. · 2012
The study exposed rats to an electromagnetic field for 15, 30, and 60 minutes daily over two weeks, with some groups receiving vitamin C (40 mg/kg/day) or vitamin E (2.7 mg/kg/day). Electromagnetic exposure significantly increased seminiferous tubule diameter and caused disorganized sperm cycle interruption. It also raised serum and testicular conjugated diene, lipid hydroperoxide, and catalase activities threefold while decreasing glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels three to fivefold. The authors concluded that the electromagnetic frequency negatively affected testicular architecture and enzymatic activity and that vitamins C and E may mitigate oxidative stress and restore normality.
Singh HP, Sharma VP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. · 2012
Researchers investigated the biochemical mechanism of 900 MHz cell phone electromagnetic field radiation interference with root formation in mung bean hypocotyls. Exposure enhanced protease, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activities in hypocotyls compared to controls. Exposure also increased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and proline content, indicating reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were upregulated, suggesting a protective role against oxidative damage. The study concluded that cell phone radiations affect rhizogenesis through biochemical alterations manifesting as oxidative damage resulting in root impairment.
Oksay T, Naziroğlu M, Doğan S, Güzel A, Gümral N, Koşar PA. · 2012
Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups: cage control, sham control, 2.45-GHz EMR exposure, and 2.45-GHz EMR plus melatonin. Rats in the EMR groups were exposed to 2.45-GHz EMR for 60 minutes per day for 30 days. EMR exposure increased lipid peroxidation and decreased vitamins A and E in the testis. Melatonin treatment prevented the rise in lipid peroxidation and the drop in vitamin E.
Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2012
Seventy-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to mobile phone radiofrequency radiation for two hours per day for 45 days and compared with a sham-exposed group. RF-exposed animals had a significant decrease in testosterone and an increase in caspase-3 activity. Distortions in sperm head and mid piece of sperm mitochondrial sheath were observed via transmission electron microscopy. Progeny from RF-exposed rats showed significant decreases in number and weight compared to sham-exposed animals.
Ceyhan AM et al. · 2012
Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, sham, electromagnetic radiation, and radiation plus β-glucan groups. Rats in the radiation groups were exposed to a 2.45-GHz field for 60 minutes daily over four weeks, and β-glucan was given at 50 mg/kg/day by gavage before each exposure. Radiation increased malondialdehyde and catalase activity and decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, while β-glucan significantly reversed the malondialdehyde rise and the superoxide dismutase drop, with non-significant effects on catalase and glutathione peroxidase.
Martínez-Sámano J et al. · 2012
Researchers arranged male Wistar rats into four groups: control, EMF exposed, movement restrained, and EMF plus movement restraint for two hours. Acute EMF exposure reduced catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the brain. Acute EMF exposure did not elevate plasma corticosterone but impaired antioxidant status in the brain.
Jing J, Yuhua Z, Xiao-qian Y, Rongping J, Dong-mei G, Xi C. · 2012
Thirty-two pregnant rats were divided into four groups, with three groups receiving microwave radiation for 10, 30, or 60 minutes three times daily from the first day of pregnancy for 20 days. In the 30-minute and 60-minute exposure groups, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase decreased while malondialdehyde increased compared with controls. Noradrenaline and dopamine levels increased in the 10-minute exposure group but decreased in the 60-minute exposure group. The authors concluded that prenatal microwave radiation from cellular phones has certain harm on fetal rat brains.
Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Kyrylenko S, Henshel D, Yakymenko I. · 2012
Researchers exposed fresh fertilized Japanese quail eggs to GSM 900 MHz cell phone radiation at 0.2 μW/cm² for either 38 hours or 14 days. The 38-hour exposure significantly increased the number of differentiated somites, and the 14-day exposure significantly increased total embryo survival. Hatchlings from exposed eggs showed significantly higher levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in brain and liver tissue.
Misa Agustiño MJ et al. · 2012
Fifty-four adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were individually exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation for 30 minutes in a GTEM cell at non-thermal SAR levels. Ninety minutes after exposure HSP-90 and HSP-70 decreased significantly at SAR values of 0.046±1.10 W/Kg and 0.104±5.10−3 W/Kg. Twenty-four hours after exposure HSP-90 had partially recovered and HSP-70 had recovered completely. There were few indications of lesions in the glandular structure and signs of apoptosis were negative in all radiated animals.
Kumar S, Behari J, Sisodia R. · 2012
Researchers exposed 70-day-old male albino rats to 10-GHz EMF for 2 hours a day over 45 days. Creatine kinase phosphorylation increased in sperm after exposure. Melatonin and MDA levels decreased in exposed rats. The authors concluded that microwave exposure could adversely affect male fertility.
Lu YS, Huang BT, Huang YX. · 2012
Researchers studied reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of ~0.4 W/kg. ROS was found to play an important role in apoptosis when exposure lasted longer than two hours, with apoptosis induced through the mitochondrial pathway and mediated by activating ROS and caspase-3, and decreasing the mitochondrial potential. The imbalance between antioxidant defenses and ROS formation was associated with about 37% human PBMC death in eight hours.
Güler G et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed infant rabbits to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF radiation and measured lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in their livers. Lipid peroxidation levels in liver tissue increased in both female and male infant rabbits under RF radiation exposure. Liver 8-OHdG levels, a marker of DNA damage, increased in exposed female rabbits but showed no change in exposed male rabbits. The researchers concluded that GSM-like RF radiation may induce biochemical changes by increasing free radical attacks to structural biomolecules in the rabbit model.
Avci B, Akar A, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK · 2012
Researchers divided 66 albino Wistar rats into three groups to study oxidative damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and whether garlic extract could protect against it. After radiofrequency exposure, advanced oxidation protein product levels in brain tissue increased compared with the control group. Garlic administration alongside radiofrequency exposure significantly reduced those protein oxidation levels in brain tissue. No significant differences were found among the groups for malondialdehyde levels in brain tissue and blood, or for serum paraoxonase levels.
Vignola MB et al. · 2012
Researchers evaluated the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on inflammatory biomarkers associated with oxidative stress in rats with experimental myopathy. Myopathy was induced by injecting 50 μl of 1% carrageenan, and PEMF treatment was applied at 20 mT and 50 Hz for 30 min/day/rat. PEMF treatment was associated with decreased levels of fibrinogen, L-citrulline, NO, SOD, and carbonyl groups and significant muscle recovery.
Todorović D et al. · 2012
Researchers studied how magnetic fields affected antioxidative defense and fitness-related traits in Baculum extradentatum, a stick insect. One group was exposed to a constant magnetic field of 50 mT, another to an alternating magnetic field of 50 Hz and 6 mT, and a control group was kept out of influence of the magnets. SOD and CAT enzyme activities were increased in animals exposed to constant and alternating magnetic fields, while GSH content was not influenced. Significant differences in development timing were found between the control and the CMF group, and between the CMF and the AMF group, but nymph mass and egg mortality did not differ across groups.
Shine MB, Guruprasad KN, Anand A · 2012
Researchers treated soybean seeds with static magnetic fields of 150 and 200 mT for 1 hour and measured reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activity. Magnetic field treatment resulted in enhanced production of ROS mediated by cell wall peroxidase, while ascorbic acid content, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased in the hypocotyl of germinating seeds. The researchers described these findings as their first report on the biochemical basis of enhanced germination and seedling growth in magnetically treated soybean seeds in relation to increased ROS production.
Sadeghipour R et al. · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of 100 and 217 Hz extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on cell proliferation, actin reorganization, and ROS generation in human breast carcinoma cells (T47D). Cells were exposed for 24-72 h, at 100 and 217 Hz, 0.1 mT. The treatment induced a time dependent decrease in cell growth after 72 h and revealed an increase in fluorescence intensity in cytoplasm and actin aggregations around the nucleus as detected by fluorescence microscopy. Exposure to 217 Hz for 72 hours caused a dramatic increase in intracellular ROS generation, while exposure to 100 Hz left ROS nearly unchanged.
