Huang TQ, Lee MS, Oh E, Zhang BT, Seo JS, Park WY. · 2008
They assessed cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and gene expression. RF exposure did not significantly change cell numbers, cell cycle distribution, or DNA damage levels. Genome-wide analysis found no genes changed more than two-fold, but ten genes changed 1.3- to 1.8-fold, including down-regulation of CXCR3 and IL1R2.
Hirose H et al. · 2008
Researchers continuously exposed BALB/3T3 cells to 2.1425 GHz W-CDMA RF fields at SARs of 80 and 800 mW/kg for 6 weeks. They also tested MCA-treated cells and MCA plus TPA-treated cells for tumor promotion and co-promotion effects. No significant differences in transformation frequency were found between RF-exposed groups and sham-exposed controls in any treatment condition. The results suggest that exposure to low-level RF radiation of up to 800 mW/kg does not induce cell transformation.
Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Contin A, Biondi C, Fabbri E. · 2008
Researchers evaluated HSP70 gene and protein expression in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells after 4 to 24 hours of exposure to 1.8 GHz continuous-wave and GSM signals. Inducible HSP70 protein expression was not modified by any exposure condition. HSP70C transcript levels increased after 24 hours of GSM-217Hz exposure and decreased after 4 and 16 hours of GSM-Talk exposure, while HSP70A, HSP70B, and HSC70 transcripts did not change.
Falzone N et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed ejaculated, density-purified human spermatozoa to pulsed 900 MHz GSM radiation at SAR levels of 2.0 and 5.7 W/kg and compared them with controls over time. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by flow cytometry and showed no effect from the radiation. Sperm motility was assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis, and all kinematic parameters were unaffected at 2.0 W/kg. At 5.7 W/kg, straight-line velocity and beat-cross frequency were significantly impaired over time (P < 0.05), with no exposure-by-time interaction. The authors state the result should not be ascribed to thermal effects due to cooling methods and temperature control.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Yegin D. · 2008
Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3 in testicular tissue. The exposed group showed no statistically significant difference in apoptosis scores compared to sham and cage control groups.
Yilmaz F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kilinc N · 2008
Researchers investigated anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein in rat brain and testes after whole-body exposure to 900 MHz cellular phone radiation. The results showed that 20 minutes of radiation did not alter bcl-2 protein in the brain and testes of rats. The study used two groups of eight Sprague-Dawley rats each, with the experimental group exposed to phones in speech condition for 20 minutes per day for one month and the sham group exposed to turned-off phones. The authors speculated that bcl-2 may not be involved in radiation effects on the brain and testes of rats.
Kim TH et al. · 2008
Researchers used a carousel-type chamber to expose the heads of C57BL mice to 849 MHz or 1763 MHz RF radiation. Mice were irradiated intermittently at 7.8 W/kg for up to 12 months. Brain tissues collected at 6 and 12 months showed no differences in histology, cell proliferation, NeuN and GFAP expression in hippocampus and cerebellum, or cell death between exposure and control groups. Body weights did not differ among sham, 849 MHz, and 1763 MHz groups during the study.
Yadav AS, Sharma MK. · 2008
Researchers studied 109 subjects, 85 regular mobile phone users and 24 non-users, collecting exfoliated buccal cells and screening 1000 cells per person for nuclear anomalies. Exposed users averaged 61.26 minutes daily and 2.35 years of use, and had significantly higher micronucleated cell counts than controls. Karyorrhexis, broken egg, and binucleated cell frequencies were slightly higher in exposed subjects but not statistically significant.
Roux D et al. · 2008
Researchers investigated the role of extracellular ATP in plant responses to high-frequency, low-amplitude electromagnetic fields. Exposure to low-level 900 MHz EMF evoked accumulation of stress-related transcripts and affected ATP levels. ATP concentration dropped 27% after 30 minutes of exposure, and adenylate energy charge decreased by 18%. The authors discuss whether this reflects increased energy usage or a signaling function for ATP in stress physiology.
Inoue S, Motoda H, Koike Y, Kawamura K, Hiragami F, Kano Y. · 2008
Exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation at 200 W increased neurite outgrowth frequency about 10-fold compared to non-irradiated controls. The increase was prevented by adding a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Microwave treatment did not cause toxicity, unlike heat shock at 45°C.
George DF, Bilek MM, McKenzie DR. · 2008
Researchers studied the effect of 2,450 MHz microwaves on protein unfolding using surface plasmon resonance sensing. They used citrate synthase which binds to alpha crystallin chaperone when unfolded, and compared microwave heating with ambient heating and combined heating to the same final temperature. Microwaves caused a significantly higher degree of unfolding than conventional thermal stress at the same maximum temperature.
Engelmann JC et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures to a radiofrequency field protocol representing typical urban microwave exposure for 24 hours. They used Affymetrix-ATH1 whole genome microarrays to measure gene expression. Differential expression analysis revealed significant changes in transcription of 10 genes, but fold changes did not exceed 2.5. Three of the affected genes are dark-inducible, and their functions do not point to known plant responses to environmental stimuli.
Batellier F, Couty I, Picard D, Brillard JP. · 2008
Researchers exposed fertile chicken eggs to a cell phone in call position over the entire incubation period. Embryo mortality was significantly higher in exposed eggs than in sham eggs in two of four replicates. The additional mortality occurred mainly between days 9 and 12, but a causal relationship with electric field intensity could not be established.
Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. · 2008
Three hundred sixty-one men undergoing infertility evaluation were divided into four groups based on daily cell phone use: no use, less than 2 hours, 2 to 4 hours, and more than 4 hours. Comparisons of mean sperm count, motility, viability, and normal morphology among the four groups were statistically significant. The decrease in sperm parameters was dependent on the duration of daily exposure to cell phones and independent of the initial semen quality.
Tiwari R et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed whole blood samples from six healthy men to RF signals from a CDMA mobile phone for one hour. They assessed DNA damage using the alkaline comet assay and tested combinative effects with aphidicolin at two concentrations. RF signals alone or with low-dose aphidicolin did not significantly increase DNA damage compared to sham exposure. However, univariate analysis showed significant DNA damage with combined exposure at both aphidicolin concentrations. APC alone at the higher concentration also caused significant damage, and DNA repair efficiency varied significantly in combined exposure groups.
Kim JY et al. · 2008
The study investigated clastogenicity of 835-MHz RF-EMF using alkaline comet assay and chromosomal aberration test on mammalian cells. No direct cytogenetic effect was found in the chromosomal aberration test with RF-EMF alone. The comet assay showed nearly negative results for RF-EMF alone, with a small increase in tail moment. RF-EMF showed a potentiation effect in the comet assay when combined with model clastogens.
Devrim E et al. · 2008
EMR exposure increased MDA, XO, and GSH-Px activities in erythrocytes compared with controls. In kidney tissue, EMR increased MDA and CAT activities but decreased XO and ADA activities. In heart tissue, EMR decreased MDA, ADA, and XO activities. Vitamin C seems to make partial protection against oxidative stress in erythrocytes.
Raggi F, Vallesi G, Rufini S, Gizzi S, Ercolani E, Rossi R · 2008
The study examined the effects of an ELF magnetic therapy device (Seqex) on oxidative scale in humans. Thirty-two healthy volunteers were treated using the Seqex cycle. Oxidative stress was measured by MDA concentrations in peripheral blood at three time points: before, after, and one month after the treatment cycle. Mean MDA decreased by 53.8% at the end of treatment and remained 15.6% below baseline one month later.
Koh EK, Ryu BK, Jeong DY, Bang IS, Nam MH, Chae KS · 2008
Researchers examined the effects of power frequency magnetic fields on cell growth in DU145, PC3, and LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vitro. The cells were exposed to various intensities and durations of 60-Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields with various serum concentrations. MF exposure induced significant cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in an intensity- and time-dependent manner, with increased cell cycle arrest, cleaved Caspase-3, and reactive oxygen species. Pretreatment with a Caspase-3 inhibitor or the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly attenuated the magnetic field-induced growth inhibition and cell death. Media replacement experiments did not alter the magnetic field effects.
Fitzsimmons RJ, Gordon SL, Kronberg J, Ganey T, Pilla AA. · 2008
Researchers tested whether a pulsing electric field could directly affect chondrocytes in vitro. A 30-minute PEF treatment increased DNA content of chondrocyte monolayers by approximately 150% at 72 hours poststimulus. The PEF signal increased nitric oxide in the culture medium and cGMP in cell extracts within the 30-minute exposure period. The calcium/calmodulin inhibitor W7 prevented the PEF-stimulated increases in nitric oxide and cGMP; the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME prevented increases in nitric oxide, cGMP, and DNA content; and the guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY83583 blocked increases in cGMP and DNA content. A nitric oxide donor present for only 30 minutes increased DNA content at 72 hours.
Zhou ZD et al. · 2008
Human dendritic cells were exposed to intermittent EMF at 4 W/kg SAR for 1, 12, or 24 hours. Surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry, allo-MLR by CCK-8 assay, and cytokine secretion by ELISA. After exposure, HLA-DR, CD80, CD86, and CD40 expression declined, while CD11c did not. Allo-MLR stimulation ability decreased significantly in all exposure groups, most markedly at 24 hours. Secreted IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha levels remained unchanged across exposure groups.
Zeni O et al. · 2008
Roux D et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed tomato plants to 900 MHz, 5 V m(-1) electromagnetic fields for 10 minutes using a Mode Stirred Reverberation Chamber. Within minutes, stress-related mRNAs for calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and proteinase inhibitor accumulated in a rapid, large, three-phase pattern typical of an environmental stress response. Transcript accumulation was maximal at normal calcium levels, depressed at higher calcium, and completely suppressed when calcium was removed with chelators or channel blockers. Thirty minutes after exposure, ATP concentration and adenylate energy charge transiently decreased, and the uncoupler CCCP prevented transcript accumulation entirely.
Rao VS et al. · 2008
The study used neuronal cells differentiated from a mouse embryonic stem cell line and a frequency-tunable applicator to examine calcium dynamics in real time. Control cells showed about five spontaneous calcium spikes per cell in 60 minutes, while exposure to 800 MHz RF radiation at 0.5 W/kg increased spikes to 15.7 per cell. The increase depended on frequency but not on SAR between 0.5 and 5 W/kg, and involved N-type calcium channels and phospholipase C enzymes. Microfilament disruption prevented the calcium spikes.
Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2008
Researchers exposed V79 cells to continuous wave frequencies of 864 MHz and 935 MHz for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Growth was significantly increased after two- and three-hour exposures to 864 MHz and after three-hour exposure to 935 MHz, measured 72 hours after irradiation. Colony-forming ability and cell viability did not significantly differ from control cells. The two fields showed similar effects on growth, colony-forming ability, and viability, with impact being time-dependent.
