Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK. · 2014
Researchers exposed male rats to Wi-Fi frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for 2 hours daily over 45 days, finding it damaged sperm DNA and caused oxidative stress in testicular tissue. The antioxidant melatonin prevented this damage, suggesting everyday microwave radiation may harm male fertility but antioxidants could provide protection.
Manta AK, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri IS, Margaritis LH. · 2014
Researchers exposed fruit flies to cordless phone base station radiation and found cellular damage markers doubled in fly bodies after 6 hours. Female reproductive organs showed even faster responses, with damage markers increasing 2.5 times after just 1 hour of exposure.
Liu K et al. · 2014
Chinese researchers exposed mouse sperm-producing cells to 1800 MHz cell phone radiation at various power levels for 24 hours to study cellular stress responses. They found that higher radiation levels triggered autophagy (a cellular cleanup process) and increased oxidative stress, with cells using autophagy as a protective mechanism against cell death. This suggests that even when cells don't immediately die from RF exposure, they're still activating stress-response systems to survive.
Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over 30 days and measured DNA damage in their brains and blood. The radiation caused significant genetic damage, indicated by increased levels of 8-OHdG (a marker of DNA oxidation) in both brain tissue and blood plasma. Interestingly, rats given garlic extract were protected from this DNA damage, suggesting antioxidants may help counter EMF-induced cellular harm.
Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. · 2014
Researchers evaluated biochemical parameters in the saliva of 12 young males before and after using a mobile phone. The phone emitted radio frequency signals of 1800 MHz with a 1.09 w/kg specific absorption rate, and participants used it for 15 and 30 minutes. SOD levels followed a quadratic trend, rising after 15 minutes of talking but then dropping as talking time increased. The researchers suggested that exposure to electromagnetic radiation may exert an oxidative stress on human cells, as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of the superoxide radical anion released in the saliva of cell phone users.
Seifirad S et al. · 2014
Single exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation and also increased antioxidant serum activity, including HDL, paraoxonase activity, and serum total antioxidant capacity. Chronic exposure increased lipid peroxidation, affected the antioxidant system, and led to irreversible changes, while acute exposure tended toward reversible alterations. The researchers noted that antioxidant capability was dependent on the duration and continuity of ELF-MF exposure.
Pandir D, Sahingoz R · 2014
Researchers exposed Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella) larvae to a 1.4-Tesla magnetic field at 50 Hz for time periods ranging from 3 to 72 hours. DNA damage, measured by the comet assay, was significantly larger than in the control group at increasing exposure times. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) decreased and the lipid peroxidation marker MDA increased in exposed larvae compared to controls.
Luukkonen J, Liimatainen A, Juutilainen J, Naarala J · 2014
Researchers exposed human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to a 50-Hz, 100-μT magnetic field for 24 hours, followed by a 3-hour exposure to menadione. The study aimed to investigate cellular changes occurring during the first 24 hours of magnetic field exposure and whether those changes could lead to genomic instability in the progeny of exposed cells. Magnetic field exposure was associated with increased micronuclei at 8 and 15 days after exposure, increased mitochondrial activity at 8 days, and increased reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation at 15 days. The researchers suggest that magnetic field exposure disturbs oxidative balance immediately after exposure, and that persistently elevated levels of micronuclei were found in the progeny of exposed cells.
Ghodbane S1 et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to a static magnetic field of 128 mT for one hour per day over five days and examined effects on glucose metabolism. Exposure increased blood glucose level by 21% and caused a decrease of 15% in liver glycogen content. Vitamin E prevented the glucose metabolism and liver glycogen alterations induced by the static magnetic field, whereas selenium restored only liver glycogen content. Neither vitamin E nor selenium corrected the reduction in pancreatic islet area observed after static magnetic field exposure.
Deng B et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of sevoflurane on brain injury caused by electromagnetic pulse (EMP) exposure in rats and in cultured neurons. Rats were exposed to EMP and immediately treated with sevoflurane, and their brain tissue and behavior were assessed. Sevoflurane alleviated neuronal abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and reduced learning and memory deficits caused by EMP exposure. In cell experiments, EMP exposure reduced cell viability and increased LDH release, and sevoflurane treatment ameliorated these effects.
Ciejka E et al. · 2014
Researchers studied how an extremely low frequency magnetic field used in magnetotherapy affected glutathione levels and redox state in rat skeletal muscle. Male rats weighing 280-300 g were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: a control group and treatment groups exposed to 40 Hz, 7 mT for either 0.5 h/day or 1 h/day for 14 days. Both 30 min/day and 60 min/day exposures significantly increased total glutathione levels in skeletal muscle compared to controls (p < 0.001).
Chen Y, Hong L, Zeng Y, Shen Y, Zeng Q. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts to a 50 Hz power frequency magnetic field at 2 mT across several time points and measured autophagy markers. A significant increase in autophagic markers was observed at 6 hours, including higher LC3-II levels, increased GFP-LC3 puncta formation, and increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles. The increase in autophagic markers was the result of enhanced autophagic flux and not the suppression of lysosomal function, and the autophagic process involved reactive oxygen species and was independent of the mTOR signaling pathway.
Shafiei SA, Firoozabadi SM, Tabatabaie KR, Ghabaee M. · 2014
Researchers investigated how extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) applied to different parts of the brain changed EEG power spectrum readings. EEG relative power spectrum was evaluated at several brain points when exposed to magnetic fields at 45, 17, 10, 5, and 3 Hz frequencies, at intensities of 0, 100, 240, or 360 μT across four sessions. Significant changes were observed in different EEG bands, and some exposures decreased the alpha band in frontal and central areas in the closed-eyes state.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 10 G) for 8 hours per day for up to 120 days to study obsessive-compulsive disorder-like behavior. OCD-like behavior was measured using the marble burying behavior test, and the results showed that the magnetic field induced time-dependent marble burying behavior on each exposure day tested. A nitric oxide precursor worsened the OCD-like behavior, while nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced it, with corresponding changes in nitric oxide levels.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to a 50 Hz, 10 G extremely low-frequency magnetic field for 8 hours per day across periods of up to 120 days. Anxiety was measured using an elevated plus maze, open field test, and social interaction test, on the 7th, 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th exposure day, respectively. The findings suggest that the magnetic field significantly induced anxiety behavior and that the NMDA receptor was involved in its effect. Glutamate and GABA levels were significantly elevated in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, though GABA receptor modulators did not produce a significant effect on the induced anxiety.
Reale M et al. · 2014
Researchers evaluated the effects of an electromagnetic wave at a magnetic field intensity of 1 mT and a frequency of 50-Hz on human SH-SY5Y cells, a well-characterized immortalized neuronal cell model. ELF-EMF exposure elevated the expression of NOS and O2−, which were countered by compensatory changes in antioxidant catalase activity and enzymatic kinetic parameters related to CYP-450 and CAT activity. Cytokine gene expression was additionally evaluated and found rapidly modified by ELF-EMF exposure. When co-exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, ELF-EMF proved not as well counteracted, resulting in a decline in CAT activity and a rise in O2− levels.
Rauš Balind S, Selaković V, Radenović L, Prolić Z, Janać B. · 2014
Researchers studied whether an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF, 50 Hz, 0.5 mT) affects oxidative stress in the brains of gerbils submitted to 10-min global cerebral ischemia. After occlusion of both carotid arteries, 3-month-old gerbils were continuously exposed to ELF-MF for 7 days, and oxidative stress markers were measured in the forebrain cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Ischemic gerbils exposed to ELF-MF showed increased oxidative stress on the 7th day after reperfusion, but to a lesser extent than ischemic or ELF-MF-exposed animals alone, and by the 14th day their oxidative stress parameters were mostly at control levels. The results indicate a beneficial effect of ELF-MF (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) in the model of global cerebral ischemia.
Murugan NJ, Persinger MA. · 2014
Exposure to the patterned magnetic field reduced planarian activity by about 50%, a magnitude similar to the non-specific effects of morphine and naloxone across most dosages. A specific dosage of 100 nM produced an additional marked reduction in activity for planaria exposed to either morphine or naloxone, while only 1 pM of morphine produced this effect.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 50 Hz, at intensities of 50 and 100 µT, for 90 days continuously. The hippocampal, cerebellar and cortical regions of the brain were analyzed for reactive oxygen species, markers of oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes. Compared with control rats, exposed rats showed oxidative stress and altered glutathione levels in a dose-dependent manner across all brain regions.
Mahdavi SM, Sahraei H, Yaghmaei P, Tavakoli H. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure at 1 and 5 Hz on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both frequency groups, while noradrenaline concentration showed an overall reduction.
Li Y, Yan X, Liu J, Li L, Hu X, Sun H, Tian J. · 2014
Researchers examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from neonatal rats. Exposure to 50 Hz and 1 mT PEMF for 2 hours increased both intracellular free calcium levels and Bdnf mRNA expression. The increase in calcium was found to come from influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, while calcium mobilization from internal stores was not involved. Blocking the Erk signaling pathway strongly inhibited PEMF-related Erk1/2 activation and BDNF expression, indicating that Erk activation was required for PEMF-induced BDNF upregulation.
Li C, Xie M, Luo F, He C, Wang J, Tan G, Hu Z. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of 14 and 28 days of exposure to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field on glutamate receptor subunit expressions and spatial learning and memory in rats. The exposure changed NMDAR and AMPAR subunit levels in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and prefrontal cortex in ways that differed by brain region and duration. Despite these receptor changes, neither 14 nor 28 days of exposure affected the rats' spatial reference memory as assessed by water maze.
Komaki A, Khalili A, Salehi I, Shahidi S, Sarihi A. · 2014
Researchers divided twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats into three groups: an ELF-EMF exposed group, a sham group, and a control group. The exposed rats received a 50 Hz, 100 micro Tesla magnetic field for 90 consecutive days at 2 hours per day. Prolonged exposure to ELF-EMFs increased LTP induction, and there was a significant difference in the slope of EPSP and amplitude of PS between the ELF-EMF group and other groups. The researchers' data suggest that exposure to ELF-EMFs produces a marked change in the synaptic plasticity generated in synapses of the PP-DG.
Kantar Gok D et al. · 2014
Researchers used ninety male rats, aged 3 months, to investigate how different intensities and durations of extremely low-frequency electric fields affected brain responses and oxidative damage. Rats were exposed to 12-kV/m and 18-kV/m electric fields for 2 or 4 weeks, and mismatch negativity (MMN) responses were recorded in anesthetized rats using electrodes placed on the dura. MMN amplitude was significantly decreased in the E18-4 group compared with the C4 group, and 4-HNE was increased in all experimental groups compared with the control group. The researchers concluded that the electric field decreased MMN amplitudes, possibly induced by lipid peroxidation.
Hernádi L, László JF. · 2014
Researchers studied how a single, 30-minute, whole-body static magnetic field exposure at 147±3 mT affected pain response latency in the snail Helix pomatia, using the hot plate test. Compared to sham-exposure, the static magnetic field caused significant differences in response latency of up to 47.1% (p < 0.001). The study concluded that static magnetic field exposure mediates peripheral thermal nociceptive threshold by affecting the serotonin as well as the opioid system.
